7 and 33.1% of French seropositive patients, respectively, still experienced delayed access to care, which was defined as a CD4 count <200 cells/μL or AIDS-stage disease at presentation. However, neither study addressed the delay between diagnosis and first consultation for primary care. Using data from the VESPA [Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS)-EN12] study, we determined time to first consultation after HIV diagnosis, and identified factors associated with delayed entry to

care in the context of free access to diagnosis and care. The VESPA survey was conducted in out-patient hospitals [6]. Our study population consisted of 2932 patients (from 4963 eligible patients). Percentages of patients waiting ≥6 months for their first post-diagnosis HIV consultation within three specific diagnosis periods were 30.6% for 1982–1989 (n=840), 11.9% for 1990–1996 (n=1132), CAL-101 price and 3.5% for 1997–2003 (n=945). Thanks Vemurafenib molecular weight to free and widespread care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in France, in the most recent period considered, only a minority

of HIV-positive people still experienced long delays between diagnosis and their first HIV care consultation. Multivariate analysis helped to determine individual correlates of late entry into care after diagnosis for those diagnosed from 1997 onwards (n=945), a key year in terms of widespread availability of protease inhibitors. The model was estimated using rare events logistic Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase regression [7], for which the relogit package in stata (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) was employed. Factors associated with reporting a delay of ≥6 months before first consultation were: HIV diagnosis in a foreign country [odds ratio (OR) 11.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.9–28.9; P<0.001]; history of IDU (OR 5.2; 95% CI 2.1–12.6; P<0.001); being a heterosexual man (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2–9.7; P=0.02); having a seropositive partner (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.2–8.5; P=0.02); and being younger at the time of diagnosis

(OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87–0.97; P=0.001). These characteristics are similar to those for ‘late testers’ in the VESPA study [5], except for age (associated with late diagnosis only). No significant association was found in terms of diagnosis setting or whether diagnosis was at the patient’s or healthcare provider’s request. In the context of free access to effective HIV care in the ART era, late entry into medical care is mainly attributable to late initial diagnosis. These data confirm the need to improve HIV testing policies in France. Although the French health system provides a satisfactory linkage with care after HIV diagnosis, it does not overcome barriers to initial testing (i.e. patients, care providers, cultural and social beliefs and stigmatization).

35 × 103 CFU per μg DNA when the strain was grown in FOS, and 3.7 × 103 CFU per μg DNA when grown in GOS (Table 2). Plasmid stability was evaluated Apoptosis inhibitor by continuous cultivation for 15 days of five PRL2010 transformants in the

absence of chloramphenicol selection by PCR assays. Notably, all PRL2010 transformants tested did not exhibit any plasmid loss during this period, despite the absence of antibiotic selection. To evaluate the general usefulness of the transformation protocol developed here, we decided to apply it to another Bifidobacterium species, B. asteroides PRL2011, whose genome was recently decoded (F. Bottacini, F. Turroni and M. Ventura, unpublished data). Interestingly, the B. asteroides species represents a distantly related taxon with respect to B. bifidum, while it also occupies a different ecological niche, that is, the hindgut of honeybee (Veerkamp & van Schaik, 1974;

Fischer et al., 1987; Argnani et al., 1996; de Ruyter et al., 1996; Hartke et al., 1996; Rossi et al., 1996; Kullen & Klaenhammer, 2000; Sleator et al., 2001; Schell et al., 2002; Ventura et al., 2006, 2007, 2009; Guglielmetti et al., 2007, 2008; Sela et al., 2008; O’Connell Motherway et al., 2009; Turroni et al., 2010, 2011; Foroni et al., 2011; Serafini et al., 2011). Thus, one may argue that the B. asteroides species possesses a different cell envelope composition (e.g. exopolysaccharides, extracellular proteins) compared to that of B. bifidum. When the transformation protocol optimized on B. bifidum PRL2010 cells was employed for transforming B. asteroides PRL2011 using pNZ8048, a higher transformation efficiency ACP-196 cell line (1.6 × 104 CFU per μg DNA) was obtained as compared to B. bifidum PRL2010. A direct application from the results of the successful transformation protocol described in this study was to monitor the colonization efficiency of B. bifidum PRL2010 in a murine model. In fact, so far, it has been proven impossible to generate stable antibiotic-resistant B. bifidum PRL2010 derivatives

by spontaneous mutation such as those in other bacterial species might be obtained upon repeated cultivation in the presence of antibiotics. Thus, to discriminate the presence of PRL2010 cells from other members of the gut microbiota of mice, we employed a derivative PRL2010 strain Gefitinib in vitro that contained a plasmid carrying an antibiotic resistance gene to act as a selective marker. The normal microbiota of mice encompasses microorganisms that are sensitive to chloramphenicol (Savino et al., 2011), thus indicating that this antibiotic can be used in selective media. Colonization and clearance of PRL2010 were monitored over a 15-day period by determining viable counts recovered from fecal samples. Two groups of six mice were fed orally on a daily basis with either PRL2010 containing pNZ8048 (designated here as PRL2010pNZ8048) or water for 1 week.

1 In this study, the term ‘emergency supply’ refers to the supply of medicines by a community pharmacist (CP) to a patient where a fee buy Ku-0059436 for the service is paid by the patient or a loan of medication, which is made in advance of an anticipated NHS prescription with no additional charge to the patient.2 Providing this service requires the CP to consider the well-being of the patient whilst balancing the consequences of supplying or not supplying the requested medicines. Within a larger study, the aim of this audit

is to explore and quantify the emergency supply of medications being undertaken by community pharmacists. A prospective audit was undertaken by 22 CPs in North West England over a four week period. Utilising a weighted snowballing technique (i.e. purposively sampling of potential pharmacists who had been identified by those who had already consented to, or aware of, the study). This ensured a diverse sample of pharmacies, with regard to location, setting, opening hours and type (i.e. independent, small/medium chain Selleck GS-1101 and national multiple) were incorporated into the study. The date of the request, patient’s age, residential status, medical practice, medicines requested, dose prescribed, reason for request and action taken were recorded. A research assistant visited the CPs weekly to encourage and enhance the quality of the data collection. NRES approval was obtained for the

overarching study. 300 emergency supply requests were made by 247 patients or carers (patients aged 3 months to 90 years); mainly for single CYTH4 medications, with two medicines or more requested on 28 (9.3%) occasions. 284 (94.7%) medicines were loaned to the patient in anticipation of an NHS prescription. Almost half of the requests took place on Friday (26%, 78/300) or Monday (22%, 66/300). Eight (2.7%) requests were made for children under the age of 12 years, 30% (90/300) from patients aged 45–59 years, 51% (153/300)

from those aged over 60 years, with 58% (89/153) of these being over 70 years. The main categories of medicines were cardiovascular (31.7%, 95/300), respiratory and endocrine systems (both 12%, 36/300). Medicines for mental health conditions and pain management each accounted for 8% (24/300). The reason given by most patients was ‘forgot to order’ (66.7%, 200/300). Other reasons included ‘medicines out of sync’ (5%, 15/300), lost/misplaced (6%, 18/300) or they had taken more than the prescribed amount (2%, 6/300). Issues originating at medical practices included insufficient quantity prescribed (6.7%, 20/300); missing items (3%, 9/300); prescription not ready on time (3%, 9/300 requests). Issues originating at the pharmacy involved ordering (1.7%, 5/300). The study indicates that a significant number of medications are being loaned to patients by CPs ensuring continuity of treatment where a prescription was not available.

46 cm reversed-phase column. The mobile phase consisted of 70% v/v acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. Compatible solute quantification was related to the protein concentration determined using Lowry’s method (Lowry et al., 1951). The concentrations of the zwitterionic osmolytes were calculated using the appropriate standard solutions click here of each compound (1 mg mL−1). Chlorobaculum parvum UdG6501Lms was used for the isolation and further structural characterization (using both NMR and MS analyses) of NeABL because it was the fastest-growing GSB strain assayed (ranging from 0.026 to 0.006 h−1 at 3% NaCl). A minimum of 5 g of lyophilized

bacterial cell mass was extracted by applying the extraction method cited above. The resulting aqueous supernatant phase was concentrated by evaporating the solvent at reduced pressure and subsequently desalted on a column of AG11A8 (Bio-Rad) (2 × 72 cm). The separation of such compound from a mix of compatible solutes, particularly including β-glutamate, was just achieved by a cation exchanger column (Dowex 50 W × 8/100–200 mesh) in Na+ form and elution with

a pH gradient (1 M NaHCO3– 1 M Na2CO3). Residual carbonate was subsequently removed by chromatography on an ion retardation column (AG11A8). In those cases in which aqueous cell extracts just contained a mix of α-glutamate (anionic) and the zwitterionic NeABL, a unique ion retardation for step was necessary to purify the specified compound, as it was shown with cell extracts of B. cereus CECT 148T (eq. ATCC 14579, DSM 31). Several GSB type strains AT9283 molecular weight (P. vibrioformis DSM 260T, C. thiosulfatophilum DSM 249T, C. phaeovibrioides DSM 269T, C. luteolum DSM 273T) and isolated strains from both hypersaline inland water bodies and salty coastal lagoons

have been analyzed using 13C-NMR for the detection of compatible solutes. Experimental results enabled to disclose the spectrum of compatible solutes in members of all major phylogenetic groups of GSB (Fig. 1; Table 1) and suggested a common strategy among halophilic and halotolerant strains, despite their different phylogenetic affiliation. Besides accumulating trehalose, which was the only solute described in GSB to date (Welsh & Herbert, 1993), they were found to be able to accumulate several compounds not found previously in this group: NeABL, which has been determined by structural characterization, and the anionic osmolytes β-glutamate and l-α-glutamate (as confirmed with commercial standards). These compounds in GSB can be unequivocally assigned to osmotic responses of these strains because the halotolerant GSB strain C. parvum UdG6501Lms did not accumulate any compatible solute at significant levels in freshwater-like media (data not shown).

46 cm reversed-phase column. The mobile phase consisted of 70% v/v acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. Compatible solute quantification was related to the protein concentration determined using Lowry’s method (Lowry et al., 1951). The concentrations of the zwitterionic osmolytes were calculated using the appropriate standard solutions Trichostatin A concentration of each compound (1 mg mL−1). Chlorobaculum parvum UdG6501Lms was used for the isolation and further structural characterization (using both NMR and MS analyses) of NeABL because it was the fastest-growing GSB strain assayed (ranging from 0.026 to 0.006 h−1 at 3% NaCl). A minimum of 5 g of lyophilized

bacterial cell mass was extracted by applying the extraction method cited above. The resulting aqueous supernatant phase was concentrated by evaporating the solvent at reduced pressure and subsequently desalted on a column of AG11A8 (Bio-Rad) (2 × 72 cm). The separation of such compound from a mix of compatible solutes, particularly including β-glutamate, was just achieved by a cation exchanger column (Dowex 50 W × 8/100–200 mesh) in Na+ form and elution with

a pH gradient (1 M NaHCO3– 1 M Na2CO3). Residual carbonate was subsequently removed by chromatography on an ion retardation column (AG11A8). In those cases in which aqueous cell extracts just contained a mix of α-glutamate (anionic) and the zwitterionic NeABL, a unique ion retardation Progesterone step was necessary to purify the specified compound, as it was shown with cell extracts of B. cereus CECT 148T (eq. ATCC 14579, DSM 31). Several GSB type strains Trametinib solubility dmso (P. vibrioformis DSM 260T, C. thiosulfatophilum DSM 249T, C. phaeovibrioides DSM 269T, C. luteolum DSM 273T) and isolated strains from both hypersaline inland water bodies and salty coastal lagoons

have been analyzed using 13C-NMR for the detection of compatible solutes. Experimental results enabled to disclose the spectrum of compatible solutes in members of all major phylogenetic groups of GSB (Fig. 1; Table 1) and suggested a common strategy among halophilic and halotolerant strains, despite their different phylogenetic affiliation. Besides accumulating trehalose, which was the only solute described in GSB to date (Welsh & Herbert, 1993), they were found to be able to accumulate several compounds not found previously in this group: NeABL, which has been determined by structural characterization, and the anionic osmolytes β-glutamate and l-α-glutamate (as confirmed with commercial standards). These compounds in GSB can be unequivocally assigned to osmotic responses of these strains because the halotolerant GSB strain C. parvum UdG6501Lms did not accumulate any compatible solute at significant levels in freshwater-like media (data not shown).

Hoechst 35,528 (Sigma, St Louis, MA, USA), a nuclear dye, was applied to reveal tissue architecture. Tissue autofluorescence in sections from adult Copanlisib mouse and primate brains was quenched with Sudan Black B (Schnell et al., 1999). Sections were inspected and representative images of immunoreactivity were acquired on a Zeiss 710LSM confocal laser-scanning microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) equipped to separate emission signals through spectral detection and

unmixing. Emission spectra for each dye was limited as follows: Hoechst (420–485 nm), Cy2 (505–530 nm), Cy3 (560–610 nm) and Cy5 (640-720 nm). Image surveys were generated using the tile scan function with optical zoom varied from 0.6× to 1.5× at 10× primary magnification (objective: EC Plan-Neofluar 10×/0.30). Co-localization was defined as immunosignals being Torin 1 solubility dmso preset without physical signal separation in ≤ 1.0-μm optical slices at 40× (Plan-Neofluar 40×/1.30) or 63× (Plan-Apochromat 63×/1.40) primary magnification (Mulder et al., 2009b). Images were processed using the ZEN2009 software (Zeiss). Multi-panel

figures were assembled in CorelDraw X3 (Corel Corp., Ottawa, ON, Canada). The diameter of scgn+ neurons was measured after capturing images of scgn+ cell assemblies in pallidal and EA territories at 40× primary magnification. The somatic diameter of individual neurons was measured on the premise that scgn is a cytosolic protein (Attems 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase et al., 2007) and is homogenously distributed throughout the neuronal perikarya. Only neurons with smooth surfaces and processes were included in our analysis to avoid bias due to partial profiles of cell fragments. Serial coronal sections (sampling interval, 140 μm) spanning the entire forebrain from an E15 mouse were double-labelled to reveal scgn+ neurons and cell nuclei (Hoechst 35,528). Single x-y plane images were acquired (Zeiss 710LSM), and 3-D-reconstructed using the BioVis3D software (BioVis3D, Montevideo, Uruguay). Data are expressed as means ± SEM and analyzed using Student’s t-test (spss

v.16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Human fetal specimens at mid-gestation (21–22 weeks of gestation; n = 3) were obtained from saline-induced abortions (Wang et al., 2004; Hurd et al., 2005). Protocols were approved by the local institutional review board (Institutional Review Boards of Kings County Hospital Center and Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York) as part of a large-scale study to evaluate the molecular effects of prenatal drug exposure on human neurodevelopment (Hurd et al., 2005). Specimens were fixed in 1% PFA and frozen at −80°C. Coronal cryosections (20 μm) spanning corticolimbic areas including the amygdaloid complex were cut. In situ hybridization was conducted as described (Wang et al.

Cultures were incubated at 37 °C. Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and E. faecalis conjugations,

procedures and culture conditions for the purification of transconjugants were performed as described previously (Hespell & Whitehead, 1991; Hussein et al., 2008; Villas-Bôas et al., 2008). Briefly, donor and recipient bacterial cultures (10 mL, 24 h at 37 °C) were pelleted by centrifugation, washed twice with carbohydrate-free RGM medium (buffer) and resuspended in 2 mL of RGM buffer. Donor and recipient cells were mixed (1 : 1 and 1 : 2 ratios), resuspended to approximately BIBW2992 nmr 100 μL in the same buffer and dispensed onto a sterile filter (type GS, 0.22 μm pore size; Millipore Corp.) placed on a DM or a TYAR agar plate (no antibiotics). After incubation (3.5 h at 37 °C), the filter was washed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.3). Dilutions were plated out onto DM or TYAR agar plates supplemented with tetracycline (10 μg mL−1) and ciprofloxacin JQ1 cell line (25 μg mL−1) and incubated for 2–5 days. Presumptive transconjugants were purified by picking well-spaced colonies and subculturing at least twice onto the corresponding antibiotic-containing medium (Hussein et al., 2008). B316T cells were enumerated for determining

the conjugation efficiency by plating dilutions of the recipient mix onto RGM agar. Total genomic DNA was recovered from transconjugants with standard cell lysis methods using lysozyme, proteinase K and sodium dodecyl sulphate, followed by phenol chloroform extraction. Genomic DNA was precipitated by the addition of isopropanol, washed once with 70% ethanol, resuspended in 100 μL distilled water and stored at −20 °C until required. Approximately 500 ng of total genomic DNA from transconjugants was digested overnight at 37 °C with HindIII. Cut DNA was then electrophoresed

on a 0.8% (w/v) agarose gel, depurinated, denatured and neutralized, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Hybond N+, GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The number of Tn916 insertions per transconjugant was determined by probing blots with a HindIII–KpnI fragment from Tn916 corresponding to the tet(M) gene labelled using an AlkPhos kit (GE Healthcare) method. Hybridization proceeded overnight at 62.5 °C, with posthybridization washes at 62.5 °C and subsequent Dolutegravir cell line chemiluminescence detection of the hybridized probe using CDP-Star (GE Healthcare). Approximately 100 ng of HindIII digested B316T total genomic DNA from transconjugants having only a single Tn916 insertion was ligated overnight at 16 °C (Ready-to-Go T4 DNA ligase, GE Healthcare). The ligase was denatured by incubating at 65 °C for 15 min. Circularized HindIII DNA fragments were purified using sodium acetate and ethanol precipitation and resuspended in 20 μL distilled water. Inverse PCR was performed using the primers Tn916L (5′-CGTGAAGTATCTTCCTACAGT-3′) and TetM5′ (5′-CCTAATTCTGTAATCGCTCCACTG-3′) using circularized HindIII DNA as a template (Villas-Bôas et al., 2008).

Once enrolled and consented a baseline questionnaire was completed by the traveler and prescribing investigator. Both were asked to rate the importance (as “high,”“medium,”“low/not important,” or “don’t know”) of each of a set of factors for their choice of antimalarial. A post-travel questionnaire was sent to the participant to be self-completed, approximately 1 week after they were due to complete their course of medication. If not returned within 2 weeks, the traveler was administered the questionnaire over the telephone. The post-travel questionnaire included a self-assessment of the

amount of antimalarial medication actually taken. Travelers were asked to state the amount of antimalarial medication taken in two ways: the number of tablets taken pre-, during, and post-travel, and also on CB-839 a categorical adherence scale where they were asked to indicate see more whether they took “all,”“most,”“about half,”

or “very few” of the medication prescribed pre-, during, post-travel, and overall. Also included on the questionnaire was a single free-text question asking travelers to describe any side effects of antimalarial medication. The primary end point was self-reported adherence specified as the proportion of antimalarial tablets prescribed that were actually taken. Secondary end points were percentage of travelers reporting adverse events; reasons for travelers preferring a particular antimalarial medication; reasons for HCPs prescribing a particular antimalarial medication. Although the original intention of the study was to compare all three antimalarial medications, it was not possible to recruit enough travelers into the Mfl group, so the statistical analysis was powered only for the comparison of At+Pro and Dxy. The sample

size was determined to look for a difference of 10% in percentage adherence between At+Pro and Dxy. Using an SD of 18%, a 5% significance level and 80% power, 60 evaluable travelers in each group were required. This also took into account the asymptotic relative efficiency of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U-test, which has been taken to be 86.4%.12 Percentage adherence was compared between medications using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, with the 95% CI calculated 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase using the Hodges–Lehmann approach. This was also the case for the self-report categorical adherence scale. Good compliance was defined as having taken at least 80% of prescribed medication, analyzed from the number of tablets reported as taken by the traveler. As a further analysis, the odds of taking all or at least 80% of the post-travel medication were calculated for the comparison between At+Pro and Dxy, along with the 95% CI. Results were determined as being statistically significant if the p-value was <0.05.

He had made frequent business trips to Indonesia during the previous year without antimalarial prophylaxis and had no prior episodes of malaria. He returned to Singapore on May 17, 2008, developed fever on June 2, 2008 and was admitted on June 5, 2008. His blood film from clinic showed P. vivax with 0.28% parasitemia. He was initially hypotensive, requiring intravenous fluid resuscitation. Physical and laboratory examination was otherwise unremarkable; admission blood Napabucasin solubility dmso cultures were negative. He was treated with chloroquine, and primaquine

was added after 36 hours when his glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) tested normal. His fever resolved within 3 days and malaria blood films cleared after 5 days. He was discharged on June 11, 2008 and he completed a 14-day course of primaquine at 30 mg per day. His fever recurred 30 days later

on July 5, 2008. He was re-admitted on July 7, 2008 when a malaria blood film showed P. vivax with 0.2% parasitemia. He had been compliant with primaquine treatment and there was no travel between his June and July admissions in Singapore. He was initially re-treated with chloroquine. However, further questioning revealed that he worked as a timber merchant and his travel included trips to Kalimantan and Indonesian Papua. Given concern about his clinical relapse Cetuximab datasheet and CRPV, he was treated with mefloquine instead (750 mg followed by 500 mg, 12 h later). His fever resolved in 2 days and malaria blood films cleared in 3 days (Figure 1). He was discharged with instructions to complete a second course of primaquine at 30 mg per day for 14 days. The patient remained well at follow-up a month later without any further relapses. For many years after its introduction in 1946, chloroquine was considered first-line treatment for P. falciparum and P. vivax. As P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine became widespread, the use of chloroquine for treatment and prophylaxis has declined except in defined geographic areas such as Central

America and the Middle East.4 In contrast, CRPV had been relatively rare but is increasingly reported from the Americas, Asia, and Oceania.6 Epidemiological data on the geographic extent of CRPV is probably not exhaustive due to technical limitations in confirming chloroquine resistance. Although autochthonous malaria does Tideglusib not currently occur in Jakarta, Indonesia, data on imported malaria cases seen in Jakarta indicate that Indonesian Papua was among the most frequent destinations cited by civilian cases seen in Jakarta.7 Awareness of the patient’s travel to Kalimantan and Indonesian Papua6 for his timber business was critical in recognizing possible CRPV. Definitive proof of CRPV would require demonstration of P. vivax parasitemia in the presence of plasma chloroquine levels above 10 ng/mL.6 This assay is not widely available or commonly used in clinical care.

Importantly, in order to investigate the distribution

of cross-modal attention, trials of the primary and secondary modality were not equally likely throughout time. The primary modality followed the manipulation of temporal attention, through which targets in the primary modality were more likely at the expected than at the unexpected time point (86.4 vs. 13.6%). For the secondary modality, DAPT overall probabilities reversed so that, of all secondary modality targets, only 33.3% occurred at the expected, and overall more likely, time point of the primary modality and 66.7% were presented at the overall less likely time point. Every participant ran four experimental blocks of 160 trials each. Within two of the blocks, participants expected the targets at the first interval and vice versa in the other two blocks. The order was counterbalanced between the participants. One experimental session lasted approximately 1.5 h in total. During the experiment, RTs and response accuracy were recorded. Trials in which the participants

failed to provide a response or in which the foot pedals were not correctly pressed were automatically discarded and repeated at the end of the block. Everolimus Before the beginning of the experiment, participants performed a training block of 48 trials to familiarize themselves with the experimental parameters and response mapping. The training had the same trial distribution as the first two experimental blocks. To facilitate the task learning, a feedback signal

on error and correct responses was provided. Feedback was absent in the actual experiment. The data from the training were not analysed. Incorrect responses and RTs 2 SD away from the individual mean were discarded Rebamipide from the analyses (< 5% of all trials were excluded). In addition to RTs and accuracy, inverse efficiency (IE) scores (IE = RT/proportion of correct responses) were calculated for each participant and condition. According to Bruyer & Brysbaert (2011), the use of IE scores makes sense especially if the error rate is not higher than 10%, which is the case in our experiment, as revealed in the accuracy results. IE scores are interpreted like RTs and error rates; that is, the lower the score the more efficient is the processing of the event. A repeated-measures anova was performed for RTs, accuracy and IEs with modality prevalence (primary, secondary), onset time (1, 2.5 s) and expected time point of the primary modality (early, late) as within-participants factors, and the primary modality (vision, touch) as between-participants factor. Statistics were performed with statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc.; Tulsa, OK, USA). Student’s t-tests were calculated as post hoc analysis of the anova.