Obesity did not influence these markers in PWH Plasminogen activ

Obesity did not influence these markers in PWH. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels were higher in obese vs. non-obese PWH (P<0.001), whereas levels were comparable between PWH and controls (P=0.912). Plasmin-2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) levels appeared to be lower in obese vs. non-obese subjects, both within controls (P=0.011) and PWH (P=0.008). However, in PWH, PAP levels were higher

than in controls (P<0.001). Obesity is associated with an increase in net CFC usage in PWH, but has no effect on bleeding frequency. In addition, obesity attenuates hyperfibrinolysis in PWH. Future this website research investigating whether obese PWH need CFC treatment dosed on weight or whether a lower dosage would suffice to prevent and treat bleedings is needed.”
“There

is a lack of scientific evidence for objective evaluation of neck and back musculoskeletal sensitivity in horses, although pressure algometry has been described as an objective tool to quantify musculoskeletal responses by mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) values. This study aimed to evaluate the use of pressure algometry for objectively quantifying the effect of diagnostic palpation applied by physiotherapists on the musculoskeletal function of the equine neck and back. The inter-examiner repeatability of animal physiotherapists was tested, and their subjective clinical scores MK-8931 ic50 for the vertebral column area were objectively compared with MNT values measured at the same locations to investigate the potential clinical implementation of the pressure algometer in daily equine rehabilitation practice. Six adult Dutch Warmblood riding school mares were randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. The MNT of all horses was

measured on 35 pre-defined sites on the vertebral column in the morning and in the evening of the same day. In the experimental group (n = 3), neck and back surface “temperature”, “pain”, “muscle tone”, and passive “mobility” were scored through palpation by three certified physiotherapists and related to MNT measurements at the same HIF activation vertebral column locations. Agreement between the physiotherapists was determined from Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (P<.05). These correlation coefficients showed a significant agreement between the scores of individual physiotherapists and with objective MNT measurements. The three physiotherapists agreed best in their subjective gradings of “pain”, but less for “temperature” and “muscle tone”, and least for “mobility”. There was also a significant difference in MNT between individual horses. The physiotherapeutic diagnostic intervention did not significantly alter the MNT of the experimental group compared with the control group. There was a significant difference, however, between morning (7.4 kg/cm(2)) and evening (6.

In view of the multifaceted

gating and signaling properti

In view of the multifaceted

gating and signaling properties of TRP channels, click here the possible role of microvilli as a universal gating device for TRP channel regulation is discussed. Combined with the role of the microvillar core bundle of actin filaments as high-affinity Ca store, microvilli may turn out as highly specialized Ca signaling organelle involved in store-operated Ca entry (SOCE) and initiation of nonlinear Ca signals such as waves and oscillations. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 896-927, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has been administered for almost 20 years in developed countries with remarkable success. More recently, selleck products the vaccine has been introduced in resource-poor settings, mainly those in Africa. African countries have documented large declines in Hib-invasive disease following universal vaccine introduction based on evaluation of routine surveillance data. As of 2007, only Mongolia in Asia had introduced the vaccine. Consequently, studies are limited to clinical trials in Bangladesh and Indonesia, and these also demonstrate substantial vaccine impact. Beyond invasive disease, three pivotal trials in Africa and Asia

have demonstrated vaccine impact against clinical pneumonia end points. In all settings evaluated, Hib vaccine was shown to be cost effective, although the vaccine is not yet cost saving based on pentavalent vaccine prices in excess of US$3 per dose. Future issues include monitoring for serotype replacement and the

effects of the HIV epidemic, evaluating the usefulness of a booster dose or new vaccine schedules and working to lower vaccine prices.”
“A full understanding of the elementary processes taking place in dye-sensitised solar cells requires an accurate description of the electronic structure of the dyes, the semiconductor surface, the electrolyte and their interactions. This review describes how electronic structure BIBF 1120 datasheet calculations have contributed to the field since its first steps and what methodologies have been adopted to study the charge transfer processes at the interface. Not all properties are equally predictable with electronic structure methods, and this work highlights the main success areas (e.g. the rationalization of the optical properties of the dyes), the recent developments (e.g. the improved description of the dye-semiconductor interaction) and the key challenges for the future (e.g. the calculation of charge recombination rate).”
“To investigate the risk factors associated with the development of thrombocytopenia, and define the thresholds of efficacy and safety in critically ill patients who received linezolid therapy. A retrospective study was performed in critically ill patients treated with linezolid.

Using ex vivo cultures of brain leukocytes, including microglia a

Using ex vivo cultures of brain leukocytes, including microglia and CD8(+) T-cells, obtained from mice with MCMV-induced chronic neuroinflammation,

we found that neutralization of either PD-1 or PD-L1 increased IFN-gamma production from virus-specific CD8(+) T-cells stimulated with MCMV IE1(168-176) peptide. These data demonstrate that microglia and astrocytes control antiviral T-cell responses and suggest a therapeutic potential of PD1: PD-L1 modulation to manage the deleterious consequences of uncontrolled neuroinflammation.”
“The human body has a remarkable ability to regulate inflammation, a biophysical response triggered by virus infection and tissue damage. Sirt6 is critical for metabolism and lifespan; however, its role in inflammation is unknown. Here we show that Sirt6-null (Sirt6(-/-)) mice developed Liproxstatin-1 research buy chronic liver inflammation starting at similar to 2 months of age, and all animals were affected by 7-8 months of age. Deletion of Sirt6 in T cells or myeloid-derived cells

was sufficient to induce liver inflammation and fibrosis, albeit to a lesser degree than that in the global Sirt6(-/-) mice, suggesting that Sirt6 deficiency in the immune cells is the cause. Consistently, macrophages derived from the bone marrow of Sirt6(-/-) mice showed increased MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF alpha expression levels and were hypersensitive to LPS stimulation. Mechanistically, SIRT6 interacts with c-JUN and deacetylates histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) at the promoter of proinflammatory Alvocidib genes whose expression involves the c-JUN signaling pathway. Sirt6-deficient Navitoclax macrophages displayed hyperacetylation of H3K9 and increased occupancy of c-JUN in the promoter of these genes, leading to their elevated expression. These data suggest that Sirt6 plays

an anti-inflammatory role in mice by inhibiting c-JUN-dependent expression of proinflammatory genes.”
“A novel gene encoding an x-type high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), designated 1Dx1.1 (t) , was isolated from Aegilops tauschii. It is the largest HMW-GS gene reported so far in this species and its product has a slower mobility than that of subunit 1Ax1 in SDS-PAGE. The open reading frame (ORF) of the gene was 2,628 bp, encoding a protein of 874 amino acid residues. Comparisons of amino acid sequences showed that subunit 1Dx1.1(t) had high similarity with other 1Dx subunits but also had two unique characteristics. Firstly, a tripeptide of consensus LQE present in the N-terminal domains of other 1Dx subunits was absent from subunit Dx1.1(t). Secondly, three copies of tandem duplications of the tripeptide motif GQQ and a novel tripeptide sequence (GQL) were present in its central repetitive domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that subunit 1Dx1.1(t) clustered with other known 1Dx subunits.”
“Liposomes are the most widely used nanocarrier systems in medicine.

0 pg/ml had significantly diminished survival compared with the p

0 pg/ml had significantly diminished survival compared with the patients whose serum DKK1 levels were lower (p = 0.033). The DKK1 overexpression in the cancer specimens significantly correlated with the increased serum DKK1

concentrations.\n\nConclusions: Serum DKK1 levels have the potential as a diagnostic marker at a low cutoff value and ass prognostic marker at a high cutoff selleck value. Serum and tissue DKK1 levels may aid in diagnosing gastric cancer and predicting patient outcomes. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The effect of protein concentration, in the range of 0-26 mg/mL for two Fc-fusion proteins, on the crystallinity and polymorphism of mannitol and sodium chloride in a lyophilized model formulation was examined. Mannitol hydrate levels were quantified based on moisture data DMH1 in vivo and correlated to the X-ray diffraction peak area. In all formulation conditions, sodium chloride did not crystallize in samples with >44% total amorphous content. As protein concentration

increased through the range of 1-5 mg/ML prior to lyophilization, beta-mannitol decreased in amount, becoming undetectable at protein concentrations above 5 mg/mL. Conversely, delta-mannitol increased as a function of protein concentration, reaching a maximum level at similar to 5 mg/mL protein. Above 10 mg/mL protein, mannitol crystallization was increasingly inhibited. Sucrose control vials showed higher levels of mannitol hydrate than either model protein. Both proteins behaved comparably with respect to mannitol crystallinity and polymorphism despite significant differences in molecular weight. Because of the differences between protein and sucrose control samples, protein concentration must be taken into consideration when assessing the lyophilization of mannitol containing solutions. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3419-3429, 2009″
“We

used large sequence polymorphisms to determine the genotypes of 397 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected Vietnamese adults with pulmonary (n = 235) or meningeal (n = 162) tuberculosis. We compared the pretreatment radiographic appearances of pulmonary tuberculosis and the presentation, response to treatment, and outcome of tuberculous meningitis 3-Methyladenine research buy between the genotypes. Multivariate analysis identified variables independently associated with genotype and outcome. A higher proportion of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by the Euro-American genotype had consolidation on chest X-ray than was the case with disease caused by other genotypes (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed that meningitis caused by the East Asian/Beijing genotype was independently associated with a shorter duration of illness before presentation and fewer cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes.

Conclusions: The results regarding the differences between subjec

Conclusions: The results regarding the differences between subjective and objective sleep data can be a reference for care providers when comforting depression patients who complain of sleep disturbance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine and antioxidant enzyme genes may affect cytokine production and enzyme activity, and thus play a contributory role in asthma pathogenesis.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the association of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Ala16Val, catalase (CAT) A-21T and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) G-308A polymorphisms with bronchial asthma. Material and Methods. A selleck chemicals total of 79 patients with asthma and 95 healthy controls were screened for MnSOD Ala16Val, CAT A-21T and TNF-alpha G-308A

Selleckchem GDC 0032 polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results. The results obtained showed significantly higher prevalence of the MnSOD ValVal genotype (chi(2) = 14.463, df = 2, p = 0.001) and MnSOD 16Val allele (chi(2) = 12.862, p = 0.026, OR = 0.451, 95% CI = 0.291-0.699) in patients with asthma compared to controls. The genotype and allele frequencies distribution of CAT A-21T and TNF-alpha G-308A gene polymorphisms did not show differences between patients and controls. Conclusions. Our results show an association of MnSOD Ala16Val genetic polymorphism with asthma in a Serbian population and suggest a protective role of the MnSOD 16Ala allele”
“The nuchal translucency (NT) thickness is an important parameter in the diagnosis of fetuses. The previous computerized methods often require manual operations to select the NT region, which leads to the time-consuming problem and the detection 4-Hydroxytamoxifen mouse variability. In the paper, a hierarchical model

is proposed for the automated detection of the NT region. Three discriminative classifiers are first trained with Gaussian pyramids to represent the NT, head and body of fetuses respectively. Then a spatial model is proposed to denote the spatial constrains among them. Finally the dynamic programming and generalized distance transform are applied for the inference from the proposed model, which ensures that the optimal solution can be obtained for the NT detection. The direction problem of fetuses is resolved by the introduced “OR” node. The performance of the proposed model is verified by the experimental results of 690 clinical NT ultrasound images. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be missing. As a result, we speculate that birds have impaired detection of viruses and intracellular pathogens.

Possible explanations include shunting of blood through preferent

Possible explanations include shunting of blood through preferential channels, bypassing non-perfused capillaries in the capillary network. Parts of the retinal tissue may be hypoxic while blood in larger vessels has high oxygen saturation.”
“Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) elicits a set of complex biological responses involving gene expression and protein turnover that ultimately manifest

as dysregulation of metabolic processes representing the cellular phenotype. Although radiation biomarkers have been reported in urine and serum, they are not informative about IR mediated tissue or organ specific injury. In the present study we report IR induced metabolic changes selleck in

gastrointestinal (GI) tissue of CD2F1 mice using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Post-radiation GI injury is a critical determinant of survival after exposure to IR. Our results show a distinct dose and time dependent response to GI tissue injury.”
“Purpose: Recent studies have suggested a defect in Pfizer Licensed Compound Library clinical trial phosphate balance as a significant underlying cause of calcium urolithiasis. In this study we assessed the influence of decreased renal phosphate reabsorption capacity on urinary metabolic abnormalities as well as on stone recurrence.\n\nMaterials and Methods: A database of patient history, and serum and urine chemistry studies PF-04929113 was analyzed for 950 consecutive stone formers and 91 normal controls. The maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate was calculated, and the effect of maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate on stone metabolites and stone recurrence was determined. A value of maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate lower than 1.83 mg/dl was defined as a low rate. Of the stone formers 266 (28.0%) who had been followed for more than 36 months (median 49, range 2 to 152)

were included in the recurrence analysis.\n\nResults: Maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate was significantly less in stone formers compared to normal controls, and was negatively correlated with the urinary excretion of uric acid, calcium and phosphate. Of the stone formers 13.1% (124 of 950) had a low maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate as well as a higher prevalence of hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria than individuals with normal maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate. The multivariate Cox regression model revealed that the low maximal reabsorption of phosphate by the glomerular filtration rate (hazards ratio 1.685, 95% CI 1.040-2.730, p = 0.034) was a strong predictor of stone recurrence in stone formers.

The main objective of this study was to determine the association

The main objective of this study was to determine the association of S477X polymorphism of LPL gene, A6244G polymorphism of IRS-1 gene and C825T polymorphism of GN beta 3 gene with EHT and T2DM in Malaysian subjects. This study includes 70 EHT, 60 T2DM, 65 EHT with T2DM and 75 control subjects. Genotyping of all the three polymorphisms was performed by PCR-RFLP method with the respective primers and restriction enzymes. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the respective polymorphisms of the genes did not differ significantly (p>0.05) with EHT and T2DM in Malaysian subjects. The results of this

study suggested that, S477X genotypes of LPL gene, A6244G genotypes of IRS-1 gene and C825T genotypes of GN beta 3 gene was not associated with Crenolanib supplier EHT and T2DM in Malaysian subjects.”
“Background: Tortuous blood vessels are commonly seen in the cerebral INCB018424 JAK/STAT inhibitor arteries. The association between vertebrobasilar artery tortuosity and vascular vertigo remains obscure.\n\nCase presentation: We describe two patients with vascular vertigo who had bilateral curving and spiral looping in multiple segments of the vertebral

arteries and also exhibited basilar artery tortuosity. Both patients had cerebrovascular risk factors and exhibited clinical features of vertigo with high severity, slow recovery, and recurrent tendencies. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the neck showed bilateral tortuosity in the V2 segments and spiral twisting in the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries, and basilar artery curving. No obvious sign of atherosclerotic stenosis was found in the vertebrobasilar arteries and no abnormalities were observed in the internal carotid arteries. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound showed decreased blood flow in tortuous vertebrobasilar arteries.

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials showed that the interpeak latencies (IPL) of waves III-IV were prolonged, with a ratio of IPL III-V/IPL I-III > 1.\n\nConclusions: Vertebrobasilar tortuosity in combination with cerebrovascular risk factors may lead to vascular vertigo in these patients.”
“The purposes of this study are to confirm factors that affect the diameter of hamstring tendon autograft and to compare failure rates between the factors after anterior cruciate ligament find more (ACL) reconstruction.\n\nA total of 296 patients that underwent reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft at our clinics for ACL injury between September 2005 and June 2008 were enrolled for this study. The diameters of gracilis and semitendinosus tendons (harvested from the affected knee) and four-strand graft tendon made by folding the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons in two layers were measured. Before operating, we recorded the age, height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), gender and athlete versus non-athlete identity of the subjects and checked their correlations with graft diameters.

0-5 0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum of 2 0% NaCl) Under aerobic condition

0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum of 2.0% NaCl). Under aerobic conditions, the major isoprenoid quinones were ubiquinone-9 and menaquinone-9 and the minor quinones were ubiquinone-8 and menaquinone-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C-18:1 omega 7c, C-16:1 omega 7c and C-16:0 and the

hydroxy acids were C-10:0 3-OH and C-12:0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 48.3-48.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolates within the radiation of the genus Endozoicomonas in a broad clade of uncultured clones recovered from various marine invertebrates. The isolates exhibited 96.5-96.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Endozoicomonas elysicola MKT110(T) and Endozoicomonas GSK1120212 mouse montiporae CL-33(T), with which the isolates formed a monophyletic cluster with 100 % bootstrap support. The phenotypic features (carbohydrate fermentation, quinone system and some major cellular fatty acids) differed from those of members of the genus Endozoicomonas, which are aerobic, produce little selleck chemicals llc or no menaquinone under aerobic conditions and possess different amounts of C-14:0 and C-18:1 omega 7c. Although some phenotypic differences were identified, the isolates should be assigned to the genus Endozoicomonas on the basis of congruity of phylogeny and should be classified as representatives of a novel species, for which the name Endozoicomonas numazuensis sp. nov. is proposed.

The type strain is HC50(T) (=NBRC 108893(T) =DSM 25634(T)). An emended description of the genus Endozoicomonas is presented.”
“The

paper aims at developing a simple two-step homogenization scheme for prediction of elastic properties of a high performance concrete (HPC) in which microstructural heterogeneities are distinguished with the help of nanoindentation. The main components of the analyzed material include blended cement, click here fly-ash and fine aggregate. The material heterogeneity appears on several length scales as well as porosity that is accounted for in the model. Grid nanoindentation is applied as a fundamental source of elastic properties of individual microstructural phases in which subsequent statistical evaluation and deconvolution of phase properties are employed. The multilevel porosity is evaluated from combined sources, namely mercury intrusion porosimetry and optical image analyses. Micromechanical data serve as input parameters for analytical (Mori-Tanaka) and numerical FFT-based elastic homogenizations at microscale. Both schemes give similar results and justify the isotropic character of the material. The elastic stiffness matrices are derived from individual phase properties and directly from the grid nanoindentation data with very good agreement. The second material level, which accounts for large air porosity and aggregate, is treated with analytical homogenization to predict the overall composite properties. The results are compared with macroscopic experimental measurements received from static and dynamic tests.

Insulin synthesis was determined by in vitro translation of gluco

Insulin synthesis was determined by in vitro translation of glucose induced insulin mRNA synthesis in the pancreatic beta cells. Nitric oxide (NO) was determined by methemoglobin method. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of AMI plasma demonstrated the presence of a novel protein band of Mr 11 kDa that was determined to be dermcidin. Addition of 0.1 mu M dermcidin inhibited insulin synthesis by > 65 fold HDAC inhibitor mechanism compared to control through the inhibition of NO synthesis in the pancreatic cells. The oral administration of 150 mg acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) to the AMI patients increased the plasma insulin level from 13 (median) to 143 mu units/dl (median) with concomitant decrease

of plasma dermcidin level from 112 to 9 nM in these patients within 12 h. It was also found that while the injection of 3.0 +/- A 0.05 (n = 10) nmol dermcidin with 0.25 +/- A 0.03 mu mol ADP/g body weight caused coronary thrombus 3-Methyladenine mw in mice, ADP itself at this concentration failed to produce thrombus. These results indicated that dermcidin was a novel platelet aggregating agent, and potentiated the ADP induced thrombosis in the animal model as well as acutely inhibited glucose induced insulin synthesis.”
“To (1) determine bone contact with the outer surface and ingrowth into the perforated outer shell of the

Kyon acetabular component at 2, 6, and 12 months after total hip replacement (THR) and (2) determine correlation between radiographic lucency surrounding the cup-bone interface and bone contact and ingrowth.\n\nExperimental study.\n\nLarge breed dogs (n=11) with and without hip dysplasia.\n\nForce platform gait analysis was performed preoperatively and 2, 6, and 12 months after THR. Curvilinear S3I-201 cell line length of lucency (CLL) was measured

on pelvic radiographs. Tissue contact with the outer cup and ingrowth into the cup were determined histomorphometrically at 2, 6, and 12 months.\n\nPeak vertical force and vertical impulse of the treated and control hind limb were not significantly different at any time. Median bone contact with the outer cup surface was 77%, 48%, and 76% at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Median bone ingrowth into the cup perforations was 50%, 20%, and 44% at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Median bone ingrowth to the inner cup surface was minimal at any time. CLL did not correlate with bone ingrowth.\n\nBone ingrowth into cup perforations occurred in each dog and was already present 2 months after THR, but most of the inner cup space remained vacant.\n\nRadiographic lucency surrounding the cup-bone interface does not allow assessment of bone contact with the outer surface or bone ingrowth into the Kyon cup in dogs without clinical problems.”
“Scolopsis igcarensis, a new species of monocle bream (family Nemipteridae) from the coastal waters of southern India and Sri Lanka is described.

These associations were significantly stronger in BD I patients c

These associations were significantly stronger in BD I patients compared to BD II patients. For the opposite temporal direction (life events as a result of mood/functional impairment), we found

that mania symptoms preceded the occurrence of positive life events and depressive symptoms preceded negative life events. Limitations: The use of a self-report questionnaire for the assessment of life events makes it difficult to determine whether life events are cause or consequence of mood symptoms. Second, the results can only be generalized to APR-246 molecular weight relatively stable bipolar outpatients, as the number of severely depressed as well as severely manic patients was low. Conclusions: Life events appear to precede the occurrence of mood symptoms and functional impairment, and this association is stronger in BD I patients. Mood symptoms also precede the occurrence of life event, but no differences were found between BD I and II patients. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved”
“Background: Health-risk behaviours (HRB) increase the risk of disability and chronic diseases at an older age. This study aimed to compare Slovakia and the Netherlands regarding differences in the prevalence

of HRB Pfizer Licensed Compound Library ic50 by neighbourhood and individual deprivation and to determine whether area differences could be explained by the socioeconomic position (SEP) of the residents. Methods: We obtained data on non-institutionalized residents aged bigger than = 65 years from the EU-FP7: EURO-URHIS 2 project from Slovak (N = 665, response rate 44.0%) and Dutch cities (N= 795, response rate 50.2%). HRB concerned daily smoking, binge drinking, physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables and body mass index. Area deprivation was measured by the neighbourhood unemployment rate. Individual SEP was measured by education and household

PF-04929113 clinical trial income with financial strain. We used multilevel logistic regression. Results: In Slovakia, no HRB was associated with either neighbourhood unemployment or individual SEP. The elderly in the Netherlands from the least favourable neighbourhoods were more likely to be daily smokers [odds ratio (OR) 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25, 4.30] and overweight (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.24, 2.75) than residents from the most favourable ones. For the Dutch elderly the gradients varied per HRB and per individual-level SEP indicator. Individual SEP explained country differences in the association of area unemployment with smoking and lack of physical activity but not that with overweight. Conclusion: Countries differed in the associations with HRB of both neighbourhood unemployment and individual SEP among the elderly urban residents. The local importance of socio-economic factors on both levels should be considered when developing health-promotion activities for the elderly.”
“HIV capsid protein is an important target for antiviral drug design.