Methods: This study enrolled 241 patients to evaluate systemic iodine absorption after exposure to conjunctival and/or periorbital 1.25% and 10% PVP-I compared to an iodine-free antiseptic.

Results: All patients who received the 10% PVP-I regardless of the application site showed a 1.2-1.5-fold increase in urinary iodine excretion after 24 h (p = 0.01). In 17 out of 110 (15.5%) patients in NSC 707544 whom 10% PVP-I was used, the critical threshold of urinary iodine

excretion as defined by WHO (>300 mu g/L) was exceeded. In contrast, no significant ioduria was observed with the use of 1.25% PVP-I except in patients after 48 h (p = 0.01) and with a concurrent conjunctival and periorbital application. The proportion of the excreted iodine in urine ranged from 0.24% to 1.77%. No correlation was found between the total applied concentration of iodine and the amount excreted in urine.

Conclusion: Based on our findings, we believe that the use of 10% PVP-I as preoperative ophthalmic antiseptic should undergo further clinical evaluation in regard to its impact on thyroid function. Conjunctival or periorbital application of 1.25% PVP-I does not result in significant ioduria.”
“Objectives: To recommend methodological standards in the prevention and handling of missing data for primary patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR).

Study Design and Setting: We searched VX770 National Library of Medicine Bookshelf and Catalog

as well as regulatory agencies’ and organizations’ Web sites in January 2012 for guidance documents that had formal recommendations regarding learn more missing data. We extracted the characteristics

of included guidance documents and recommendations. Using a two-round modified Delphi survey, a multidisciplinary panel proposed mandatory standards on the prevention and handling of missing data for PCOR.

Results: We identified 1,790 records and assessed 30 as having relevant recommendations. We proposed 10 standards as mandatory, covering three domains. First, the single best approach is to prospectively prevent missing data occurrence. Second, use of valid statistical methods that properly reflect multiple sources of uncertainty is critical when analyzing missing data. Third, transparent and thorough reporting of missing data allows readers to judge the validity of the findings.

Conclusion: We urge researchers to adopt rigorous methodology and promote good science by applying best practices to the prevention and handling of missing data. Developing guidance on the prevention and handling of missing data for observational studies and studies that use existing records is a priority for future research. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Laser hair removal is a relatively effective method for thick hair. Despite the risk for induction of fine hair growth, application of laser for fine dark hair is sometimes inevitable.

We have developed

Gravity Assisted Cell GSK3326595 Sorting (GACS) to simply enrich small-sized epidermal progenitor/stem cells.

Objective: The cells sorted by GACS were characterized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and cultured for up to 7 weeks. The cultured cells were then used for reconstruction of skin equivalent.

Methods: GACS was performed on primary cultures (primary cell) and passage 6-7 cultures (cultured cell) of keratinocytes. A keratinocyte suspension was sized into two groups: cells trapped by a 20 mu m filter (trapped cells), and cells flowing through both a 20 and 11 mu m filter (non-trapped cells).

Results: In the primary cell groups, viability of the trapped cells was 62.5 +/- 7.2% compared to 77.0 +/- 3.7% for the non-trapped cells. In the cultured cell groups, viability of the trapped cells AZD1775 was 64.3 +/- 14.9%, compared to the non-trapped cells (93.1 +/- 2.0%). Flow cytometric analysis showed better discrimination by cell size between trapped and non-trapped cells in culture than in the primary cell suspension. Non-trapped cells contained a larger number of cells with high levels of alpha 6 integrin and low levels of CD71 (alpha 6 integrin(bri)CD71(dim),), indicating an enriched progenitor/stem cell population. The difference

in these markers between the non-trapped and trapped cells was seen in both the primary and cultured cell groups although this difference was more distinct in cultured cells. Culture of both groups showed that cultures originating from the trapped cells senesced after approximately 15 days while the non-trapped keratinocytes grew for up to 40 days. Manufacture of an epidermis/dermal device (artificial skin) showed that non-trapped cells formed a significantly thicker epithelial layer than the trapped cells, demonstrating the enhanced regenerative capability of the smaller diameter, alpha 6 integrin(bri)CD71(dim) cells separated by GACS.

Conclusion: These results indicate

that GACS is simple and useful technique to enrich for epidermal progenitor/stem cell populations, and is more efficient when used on cells in culture. (C) 2009 learn more Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly enhanced HIV management, lowering the risk of clinical disease progression and death by substantially improving HIV-induced immune deficiency. Lower CD4 cell counts have consistently been associated with higher direct costs of HIV patient care. The aim of this study was to analyze HIV costs of care in France at different levels of HIV-induced immune deficiency (as measured by the CD4 cell count) using recent data from treatment-experienced patients.

Methods: This analysis used data from the French Hospital Database in HIV, containing data on approximately 50% of the French HIV population.

These findings are in contrast to those obtained for ferromagnetic body-centered-cubic (bcc) Fe alloys, where all alloying elements considered here are predicted to enlarge the lattice parameter and decrease the C(11)(x) and C(12)(x) BI 2536 price elastic constants of bcc Fe. With some exceptions, alloying has much larger effects on ferromagnetic bcc alloys than on paramagnetic fcc ones. Based on the theoretical elastic parameters of the paramagnetic fcc and ferromagnetic bcc phases, simple parameterizations in terms of chemical composition of the equilibrium

lattice constants, single-crystal elastic constants, and polycrystalline elastic moduli of Cl-amidine Fe-based alloys are presented. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3644907]“
“All forager (or hunter-gatherer) societies construct niches, many of them actively by the concentration of wild plants into useful stands, small-scale cultivation, burning of natural vegetation to encourage useful species, and various forms of hunting, collectively termed ‘low-level food production’.

Many such niches are stable and can continue indefinitely, because forager populations are usually stable. Some are unstable, but these usually transform into other foraging niches, not geographically expansive farming niches. The Epipalaeolithic (final hunter-gatherer)

niche in the Near East was complex but stable, with a relatively high population density, until destabilized by an abrupt climatic change. The niche was YM155 research buy unintentionally transformed into an agricultural one, due to chance genetic and behavioural attributes of some wild plant and animal species. The agricultural niche could be exported with modifications over much of the Old World. This was driven by massive population increase and had huge impacts on local people, animals and plants wherever the farming niche was carried. Farming niches in some areas may temporarily come close to stability, but the history of the last 11 000 years does not suggest that agriculture is an effective strategy for achieving demographic and political stability in the world’s farming populations.”
“Background: GATA-3 plays a critical role in regulating the expression of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 from T helper-2 (Th2) cells and therefore is a key mediator of allergic diseases. Corticosteroids are highly effective in suppressing allergic inflammation, but their effects on GATA-3 are unknown. We investigated the effect of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate on GATA-3 regulation in human T-lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects almost 3% of the world’s population with the highest prevalence

in Egypt (15%). The standard therapy; pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and DZNeP molecular weight ribavirin, is effective in only 60% of Egyptian patients; moreover it is costly, prolonged, and has severe side effects, so prediction of response is essential to reduce burden of unfavorable treatment. Several viral and host factors have been proved to affect response to the treatment PEG-IFN and ribavirin; the strongest of them is polymorphisms near IL28B; nonetheless, nonresponse in patients with favorable IL28B is still unexplained, which implies the importance of studying other immunological factors that may correlate with Entinostat solubility dmso response. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is one of the most important proinflammatory cytokine presented with the initiation of immune response, determining Th1 and Th2 differentiation. A functional single nucleotide polymorphism (A/C) at the 3.. untranslated region (3′ UTR) at position 1188 (NCBI SNP database no 3212227) was reported to be associated with responding more efficiently to antiviral combination therapy in HCV genotype 1 infected patients. The present study aims to evaluate association

between this polymorphism with fibrosis stages, necroinflammation activity, response to the combined therapy, and gender in Egyptian HCV genotype 4. Material and Methods. A total of 133 Egyptian chronic HCV (CHCV) patients were treated with IFN/RBV and were followed up. IL12B 1188 A/C genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism TPCA-1 inhibitor (PRC-RFLP) analysis. Results. A nonsignificant trend for higher sustained virological response (SVR) was observed in patients homozygote for IL12B 1188 A/C SNP CC genotype (69% SVR versus 30.8% NR) only but not in AC and AA genotypes. No association

was detected between IL12B 1188 A/C polymorphism and less severe fibrosis or less liver activity. By stratification of response according to gender genotype, a significant difference in response between males and females was seen among AA genotype carriers only due to high number of non responder females. Conclusion. IL12B CC genotype appears to have some influence on SVR achievement but not on severe fibrosis and severe necroinflamation activity. Females carrying A/A genotype of IL12B 1188 A/C SNP achieve less SVR than those carrying AC and CC genotypes.”
“REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1) encodes a DNA demethylase that actively removes DNA methylation. Mutation in ROS1 leads to transcriptional gene silencing of a T-DNA locus that contains two genes, RD29A-LUC and 35S-NPTII, originally expressed in the C24 wild type. These units have different silencing regulation mechanisms: the former mechanism is dependent on small interfering RNA (siRNA)-directed DNA methylation, but the latter is not.

The fibers were characterized in terms of chemical composition, thermal stability (TGA), cristallinity (XRD) and surface morphology (SEM). The polymer thermal properties were evaluated by TGA and DSC. The composite characteristics were investigated by

mechanical tests (Izod impact strength, flexural resistance), thermal stability (TGA), water uptake and SEM micrographs of the fractured surfaces. The results showed that sisal and curaua fibers feature a huge potential as reinforcing agents of PBS due to their superior chemical compatibility with the aliphatic Selleckchem AZD2014 matrix as well as to their surface morphology. Both factors contributed to the formation of a strong interface capable to effectively transfer the load from the matrix to the

fibers. Sisal/PBS and curaua/PBS composites also showed greater resistance against water absorption if compared to coconut/PBS and sugarcane bagasse/PBS GW3965 composites. Novel biocomposites with good properties were produced from fibers and polymer that can obtained from renewable raw materials. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose

AMD3100, an antagonist of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor is soon to be used clinically for the peripheral mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in patients with multiple myeloma. AMD3100 has been shown to activate a G protein coupled with CXCR4 and thus acts buy Z-IETD-FMK as a partial CXCR4 agonist in vitro. Thus, we explored whether AMD3100 affected the survival and proliferation of myeloma cells in vitro.

Materials and Methods

The effects of AMD3100 on survival and proliferation of two myeloma cell lines (RPMI8226 and U266) as well as CD138+ cells obtained from several patients with multiple myeloma were analyzed by flow cytometry using annexin V and a colorimetric cell proliferation assay (CCK-8 assay).

Results

AMD3100, but not T140, another CXCR4 antagonist,

stimulated the proliferation of myeloma cell lines and CD138+ primary human myeloma cells (-2-fold increase) in a dose-dependent manner in serum-free culture for up to 5 days, which was inhibited by pretreating the cells with pertussis toxin. AMD3100 enhanced the proliferation of U266 cells induced by interleukin-6 and partially reversed AG490-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in RPMI8226 cells. AMD3100 induced the phosphorylation of Akt and MAPK p44/p42 in U266 cells and MAPK p44/p42 in RPMI8226 cells. In contrast, AMD3100 markedly increased the cell apoptosis and reduced the number of RPMI8226 cells after 5 to 7 days of culture under serum-free conditions.

Conclusion

AMD3100 exerts dual effects, initially enhancing and subsequently inhibiting the survival and proliferation of myeloma cells, signaling via CXCR4 in vitro.

Correlation

analysis suggests that surgeons tend to either lower the facial ridge completely or not at all and that an absent malleus seems to be associated with a tympanic membrane perforation.”
“The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical stability of ONO-1301 in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (PLGA MS) under storage for 28 days in the absence or presence of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or alpha-tocopherol as antioxidant. First, we observed the hydrolysed product: (i) in acidic solution and Tariquidar mouse oxidized product and (ii) in PLGA MS under storage in HPLC study, each structure was determined by liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance/mass spectrometry. Second, ONO-1301-loaded PLGA MS containing 10% BHT was shown to be superior to ONO-1301-loaded PLGA MS without BHT, in the standpoint of the stability under storage or in vitro drug-release test, and AUC(0-28) following subcutaneous injection in rats. Finally, ONO-1301-loaded PLGA MS with 10% BHT were demonstrated to be significantly

more effective than ONO-1301-loaded PLGA MS without BHT in a murine sponge model of angiogenesis. In conclusion, BHT is an effective antioxidant on the stability of ONO-1301 in PLGA MS under storage.”
“Background: Cardiac arrest patients often suffer from dysfunction of multiple organ systems after return of spontaneous selleck chemical circulation (ROSC). The incidence of renal dysfunction in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is not well described. Renal dysfunction has been associated with worse outcomes in critical illness.

Hypothesis: Renal dysfunction is common after OHCA, and renal dysfunction is independently associated with survival.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of consecutive adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit after successful resuscitation from OHCA between 01/01/2005 and 12/31/2010. Patients were excluded for death or withdrawal of care within 24 h, preexisting end-stage renal disease, or OHCA due to hyperkalemia. The RIFLE criteria were used to classify subjects with renal dysfunction into one of three categories – risk, injury, or failure – based on trending of serum creatinine GSK1904529A supplier concentration or glomerular filtration rate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Of 364 patients, 38 were excluded due to death or withdrawal of care within 24 h, 11 due to end-stage renal disease, and 4 due to OHCA from hyperkalemia, leaving 311 patients in the final analysis. The mean age was 58 (SD 16) years; 174 (59%) were male, VF/VT was the primary rhythm in 156 (50%), and 236 (80%) were comatose at hospital arrival. Among 311 patients, 32 (10.3%) developed acute renal failure(ARF), 27 (8.7%) developed acute kidney injury (AKI), and 56 (18.0%) developed risk of renal dysfunction.

This report focuses on highlights from a poster, oral and mini oral sessions covering from several tracks.”
“According to guidelines published by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) should be managed according to their susceptibilities

and exposures. Clinical evaluation of a patient’s risk of acute loss of renal function is of undisputed importance. However, such evaluations can be hindered by the complex presentations of critically ill patients and the lack of methods to detect early kidney damage. In this regard, a tool for diagnosis and stratification of patients at risk of AKI would complement clinical assessments and enable improved therapeutic decision-making. Emerging evidence suggests that 15-20% of patients who do not fulfil current serum-creatinine-based HIF activation consensus criteria

for AKI are nevertheless likely to have acute tubular damage, which is associated with adverse outcomes. This evidence supports reassessment of the concept and evolution of the definition of AKI to incorporate biomarkers of tubular damage.”
“Purpose: To present our experience with the first 10 consecutive cases of laparoendoscopic single-site nephroureterectomy (LESSNU) with bladder cuff excision for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Patients and Methods: Ten patients (6 men and 4 women; 6 renal pelvis and 4 ureter) underwent LESSNU by a single surgeon. We made a 4-cm single incision at the umbilicus using a homemade single-port device. The single-port device was made with a surgical glove and Alexis wound retractor. LESSNU was performed by the same technique Selleck SB525334 of conventional laparoscopic NU.

Results: The mean age was 62.79 +/- 7.93 years. The mean total operative time, time for nephrectomy, and time for bladder cuff excision

were 225.63 +/- 65.87, 80.00 +/- 29.03, and 145.63 +/- 42.63 minutes. The mean estimated blood loss was 187.50 +/- 83.45 mL. On surgical pathologic examination, four patients were pT(1)N(0), four patients https://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-DMAG,Hydrochloride-Salt.html were pT(2)N(0), one patient was pT(3)N(0), and one patient was pT(3)N(2). There was one positive surgical margin in a pT(3)N(2) patient. The mean number of lymph nodes dissected was 2.5 (range 0-9). One incision extension was performed because of complete renal hilar lymphadenectomy by open technique (for the pT(3)N(2) patient), and one open conversion with a Gibson incision was performed because of severe adhesions around the distal ureter (the pT(3)N(0) patient). There were one case of transient ileus and one of fever that were improved with conservative treatment. The mean hospital stay was 4.75 +/- 3.37 days. Eight patients who underwent LESSNU successfully were satisfied with their operations.

Conclusions: LESSNU for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma seems to be feasible and safe, but it is still challenging for advanced cases.

The WCD was introduced into clinical practice about 8 years ago, and indications for its use are currently expanding. This article describes the technological aspects of the WCD, discusses current indications for its use, and reviews

the clinical studies with the WCD. Additionally, data are reported on the clinical experience with the WCD based on 354 patients from Germany hospitalized between 2000 and 2008 who wore the WCD for a mean of 3 months. (PACE 2010; 33:353-367)”
“Here we study the structural and magnetic properties of the Co1-xFexSr2YCu2O7+delta compound (0 < x < 1). X-ray diffraction patterns and simulated data obtained from Rietveld refinement of the same indicate that the iron ion replacement in Co1-xFexSr2YCu2O7+delta this website induces a change in crystal structure. The orthorhombic Ima2 space group structure of Co-1212 changes to tetragonal P4/mmm with increasing Fe (x >=

0.5) ion. The XPS studies reveal that both Co and Fe ions are in mixed states SNX-5422 research buy of 3+/4+ for the former and 2+/3+ in case of later. The magnetization with temperature follows Curie-Weiss behavior, in the range of 150-300 K and short magnetic correlations/spin glasslike features below 150 K. The observed magnetic behavior is due to competition of antiferro/ferromagnetic exchange interaction of Co3+ [intermediate spin (IS)]-O-Co3+ (IS)/Co4+ [low spin (LS)] and Fe3+ [high spin (HS)]-O-Fe2+ (LS)/Fe3+ (HS)/Co3+ (IS)/Co4+ (LS) states. Although none of the studied as synthesized samples in Co1-xFexSr2YCu2O7+delta are superconducting, the interesting structural changes in terms of their crystallization space groups and the weak magnetism highlights the rich solid state chemistry of this class of materials.”
“Chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) remains

a challenging condition for clinicians. There is substantial evidence for the presence of various cervical dysfunctions (e. g., increased cervical muscle tone and impaired cervical movement control), but their contribution to the complex clinical picture of subjects with chronic WAD seems rather limited. There is consistent evidence for increased responsiveness of the central DZNeP mouse nervous system in those with chronic WAD, and central pain processing is likely to play a crucial role in the transition from an acute whiplash trauma towards chronic WAD. The manuscript explains how our current understanding of chronic WAD can be used to steer the content of conservative interventions and how treatment of cervical dysfunctions in patients with chronic WAD should account for the processes involved in chronicity. It is recommended to prevent sensorimotor incongruence, target cognitive-emotional sensitization, and apply a cognitive behavioral therapy-guided exercise program.

“
“Effects of infrared (IR) radiation generated by a low-power

CO2-laser on the membrane of cultured dissociated nociceptive neurons of newborn find more rat spinal ganglia were investigated using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. Low-power IR radiation diminished the voltage sensitivity of activation gating machinery of slow sodium channels (Na(v)1.8). Ouabain known to block both transducer and pumping functions of Na+, K+-Pase eliminated IR irradiation effects. The molecular mechanism of interaction of CO2-laser radiation with sensory membrane was proposed. The primary event of this interaction is the process of energy absorption by ATP molecules. The transfer of vibrational energy from Na+,K+-ATPase-bound and vibrationally excited ATP molecules to Na+, K+-Pase activates this enzyme and converts it into a signal transducer. This effect leads to a decrease in the voltage sensitivity of Na(v)1.8 channels. The effect of IR-radiation was elucidated by the combined application of a very sensitive patch-clamp method and an optical facility with a controlled CO2-laser. As a result, the mechanism

of interaction of non-thermal low-power IR radiation with Ubiquitin inhibitor the nociceptive neuron membrane is suggested.”
“To successfully navigate their habitats, many mammals use a combination of two mechanisms, path integration and calibration using landmarks, which together enable them to estimate their location and orientation, or pose. In large natural environments, both these mechanisms are characterized by uncertainty: the path integration process is subject to the accumulation of error, while landmark calibration is limited by perceptual ambiguity. It remains unclear how animals form coherent spatial representations in the presence of such uncertainty. Navigation research using robots has determined that uncertainty can be effectively addressed by maintaining multiple probabilistic estimates JQ1 of a robot’s pose. Here we show how conjunctive grid cells in dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex

(dMEC) may maintain multiple estimates of pose using a brain-based robot navigation system known as RatSLAM. Based both on rodent spatially-responsive cells and functional engineering principles, the cells at the core of the RatSLAM computational model have similar characteristics to rodent grid cells, which we demonstrate by replicating the seminal Moser experiments. We apply the RatSLAM model to a new experimental paradigm designed to examine the responses of a robot or animal in the presence of perceptual ambiguity. Our computational approach enables us to observe short-term population coding of multiple location hypotheses, a phenomenon which would not be easily observable in rodent recordings. We present behavioral and neural evidence demonstrating that the conjunctive grid cells maintain and propagate multiple estimates of pose, enabling the correct pose estimate to be resolved over time even without uniquely identifying cues.

Fibrosis progression, time to cirrhosis and portal pressure were correlated with HIV status (CDC stage). HIV-HCV patients had rapid progression of fibrosis [0.201 +/- 0.088 METAVIR fibrosis units/year (FU/y)] and accelerated time to cirrhosis (24 +/- 13 selleck compound years), high HCV viral loads (4.83 x 106 IU/mL) and a mean HVPG at the upper limit of normal (5 mmHg). With moderate or severe immunodeficiency, fibrosis progression was even higher (CDC-2 = 0.177 FU/y; CDC-3 = 0.248 FU/y) compared

with patients with higher CD4+ nadirs (CDC-1 = 0.120 FU/y; P = 0.0001). An indirect correlation between CD4+ cell count and rate of fibrosis progression (R = -0.6654; P < 0.001) could be demonstrated. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) showed early elevation of portal pressure with median values of 4, 8 and 12 mmHg after 10, 15 and 20 years of HCV infection for CDC-3 patients. Patients treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) had similar rates of progression and portal pressure values than patients without HAART. Progression of HCV disease is accelerated in HIV-HCV co-infection, being more pronounced in patients with low CD4+ cell count. A history of a CD4+ cell nadir < 200/mu L is a risk factor for rapid development of cirrhosis and PHT. Thus, HCV treatment should be considered

early in patients with HIV-HCV co-infection and largely preserved CD4+ cell counts.”
“Multilevel resistance states in silver-manganite interfaces are studied DZNeP in vivo both experimentally and Linsitinib mw through a realistic model that includes as a main ingredient the oxygen vacancies diffusion under applied electric fields. The switching threshold and amplitude studied through hysteresis switching loops are found to depend critically on the initial state. The associated vacancy profiles further unveil the prominent role of the effective electric field acting at the interfaces. While experimental results validate main assumptions of the model, the simulations allow to disentangle the microscopic mechanisms behind the resistive

switching in metal-transition metal oxide interfaces. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3372617]“
“BackgroundIn children, removal of an airway foreign body is usually performed by rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Debate continues regarding the respiratory mode (spontaneous or controlled ventilation) and appropriate anesthetic drugs. Dexmedetomidine has several desirable pharmacologic properties and appears to be a useful agent for airway surgeries.

ObjectivesThis study evaluates the efficacy of spontaneous ventilation (SV) technique using dexmedetomidine for bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies in children.

MethodsEighty pediatric patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy for airway foreign body removal were randomly divided into two groups. In the SV group, dexmedetomidine (4g.kg(-1)) and topical lidocaine (3-5mg.