The protein content of the two subunits of GCL, catalytic subunit (GCLC) and modifier subunit (GCLM), were evaluated. The major results, failure to maintain the accelerated GCLC production and GCL activity, are associated with the GSH depletion in aging muscles with 14 days of HU. The results suggest that the regulation of GCL, especially the catalytic subunit, with stress may be compromised in aging muscles.”
“Deregulation of muscle mitochondrial biogenesis

may explain the altered mitochondrial properties associated with aging. Maintenance of the mitochondrial network requires the continuous incorporation of nascent proteins into their subcompartments via the protein import pathway. We examined whether this pathway was impaired in muscle of aged animals, focusing on the subsarcolemmal ICG-001 manufacturer and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial populations. Our Selleckchem Selinexor results indicate that the import of proteins into

the mitochondrial matrix was unaltered with age. Interestingly, import assays supplemented with the cytosolic fraction illustrated an attenuation of protein import, and this effect was similar between age groups. We observed a 2.5-fold increase in protein degradation in the presence of the cytosolic fraction obtained from aged animals. Thus, the reduction of mitochondrial content and/or function observed with aging may not rely on altered activity of the import pathway but rather on the availability of preproteins that are susceptible to elevated rates of degradation by cytosolic factors.”
“Despite advances in treatment, age-related cardiac dysfunction still remains a leading cause of cardiovascular death. Recent data have suggested that increases in cardiomyocyte apoptosis may be involved in the pathological remodeling of heart. Here, we examine the effects of aging on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in 6-, 30-, and 36-month-old Fischer344xBrown Norway F1 hybrid rats (F344XBN). Compared with 6-month hearts, aged hearts exhibited increased TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive nuclei, caspase-3 activation, caspase-dependent cleavage of alpha-fodrin and diminished phosphorylation of protein kinase B/Akt (Thr 308). These age-dependent increases

in cardiomyocyte apoptosis were associated with alterations in the composition of the cardiac dystrophin glycoprotein complex and elevated cytoplasmic IgG and albumin immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed these data SP600125 cost and demonstrated qualitative differences in localization of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) molecules with aging. Taken together, these data suggest that aging-related increases in cardiac apoptotic activity model may be due, at least in part, to age-associated changes in DGC structure.”
“Prognostic stratification of older patients with complex medical problems among those who access the emergency department (ED) may improve the effectiveness of geriatric interventions. Whether such targeting can be performed through simple administrative data is unknown.

Results: Between February 2008 and December 2009, 325 adult patients admitted for elective heart surgery were included. Analyses showed that low selleckchem fat-free mass index, present in 8.3% of patients, was independently associated with occurrence

of infections after cardiac surgery (18.5% vs 4.7%; adjusted odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-27.7; P = .01). Low fat-free mass index also tended to be associated with higher risk of longer postoperative intensive care unit stay (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.1; P = .09). When classifying patients as undernourished by traditional methods (body mass index <= 21.0 kg/m(2) or >= 10% weight loss in preceding 6 months), half of patients with low fat-free mass index were misclassified as well nourished.

Conclusions: Low fat-free mass index is associated with increased occurrence of adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. We advocate fat-free mass index as the leading parameter in classifying and treating undernourished cardiac surgical patients, which might improve recovery PRI-724 rates after cardiac surgery. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:1263-9)”
“Organophosphate (OP)-induced brain damage is defined as progressive damage to the brain,

resulting from the cholinergic neuronal excitotoxicity and dysfunction induced by OP-induced irreversible AChE inhibition. This delayed secondary neuronal damage that occurs mainly in the cholinergic regions of the brain that contain dense accumulations of cholinergic neurons and the majority over of cholinergic projection, might be largely responsible for persistent profound neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments (memory, cognitive, mental, emotional, motor and sensory deficits) in the victims of OP poisoning. Neuroprotective strategies for attenuating OP-induced brain damage should target

different development stages of OP-induced brain damage, and may include but not limited to: (1) Antidote therapies with atropine and related efficient anticholinergic drugs; (2) Anti-excitotoxic therapies targeting attenuation of cerebral edema and inflammatory reaction, blockage of calcium influx, inhibition of apoptosis program, and the control of seizures; (3) Neuroprotective strategies using cytokines, antioxidants and NMDAR antagonists (a single drug or a combination of drugs) to slow down the process of secondary neuronal damage; and (4) Therapies targeting individual symptoms or clusters of chronic neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. These neuroprotective strategies may help limit or prevent secondary neuronal damage at the early stage of OP poisoning and attenuate the subsequent neuropsychiatric and neurological impairments, thus reducing the long-term disability caused by exposure to OPs. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Current therapeutic strategies are proving inadequate to deal with growing obesity rates because of the inherent resistance of the human body to weight loss.

One of the O-glycans was identified as hexuronic acid, whose presence had not been observed previously in the glycosylation patterns of T. reesei.”
“Purpose: Malignant ureteral obstruction often necessitates chronic urinary diversion and is Cyclopamine associated with high rates of failure with traditional ureteral stents. We evaluated the outcomes of a metallic stent

placed for malignant ureteral obstruction and determined the impact of risk factors previously associated with increased failure rates of traditional stents.

Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing placement of the metallic Resonance (R) stent for malignant ureteral obstruction at an academic referral center were identified retrospectively. Stent failure was defined

as unplanned stent exchange or nephrostomy tube placement for signs or symptoms of recurrent ureteral obstruction (recurrent hydroureteronephrosis or increasing creatinine). Predictors of time to stent failure were assessed using Cox regression.

Results: A total of 37 stents were placed in 25 patients with malignant ureteral obstruction. Of these stents 12 (35%) were identified to fail. Progressive hydroureteronephrosis and increasing creatinine were the most common signs of stent failure. Three failed stents had migrated distally and no stents required removal for recurrent infection. Patients with evidence of prostate cancer invading the ARS-1620 cell line bladder at stent placement were found to have a significantly increased risk of failure (HR 6.50, 95% CI 1.45-29.20, p = 0.015). Notably symptomatic subcapsular hematomas were identified

in 3 patients after metallic stent placement.

Conclusions: Failure rates with a metallic stent are similar to those historically observed with traditional polyurethane based stents in malignant ureteral obstruction. The invasion of prostate cancer in the bladder significantly increases the risk of failure. Patients should be counseled and observed for subcapsular hematoma formation with this device.”
“Obesity and related metabolic conditions are of epidemic proportions in most of the world, affecting both adults and children. The accumulation of lipids in the body in the form of white adipose tissue in the abdomen is now known to activate innate https://www.selleck.cn/products/ca3.html immune mechanisms. Lipid accumulation causes adipocytes to directly secrete the cytokines interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), but also monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), which results in the accumulation of leukocytes in fat tissue. This sets up a chronic inflammatory state which is known to mediate the association between obesity and conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. There is also a substantial literature linking inflammation with risk for depression.

One antibody (3491) demonstrated a change in specificity following somatic mutation with binding of the inferred unmutated ancestor to a linear C2 peptide while the mutated antibody reacted only with a conformational epitope in gp120 Env. Thus, gp120(w6.ID) was strongly immunogenic but over four immunizations induced levels of affinity maturation below that of broadly neutralizing MAbs. Improved vaccination strategies will be needed to drive persistent stimulation of antibody clonal lineages to induce affinity maturation that results in highly mutated HIV-1 Env-reactive antibodies.”
“Endogenous

methylarginines, N-G,N-G-dimethyl-L-arginine click here (asymmetric dimethylarginine, ADMA), N-G-N’(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine (symmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA), and N-G-monomethyl-L-arginine (monomethylarginine; NMMA) are supposed to be produced in human body through the methylation of protein arginine residues by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT) and released during proteolysis of the methylated proteins. Micromolar concentration of ADMA and NMMA can compete with arginine for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) reducing nitric oxide (NO) formation, whereas SDMA does not. Indeed, increased ADMA and SDMA plasma levels or a decreased arginine/ADMA ratio is related with risk factors for chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.

To the best of our knowledge the exogenous presence of methylarginines, like that in fruits and vegetables, has never been described so far. Here, we report the finding that methylarginines are ubiquitous

in vegetables which represent an important part ZD1839 datasheet AS1842856 in vitro of human daily diet. Some of these vegetables contain discrete amounts of ADMA, SDMA, and NMMA. Specifically, among the vegetables examined, soybean, rye, sweet pepper, broad bean, and potato contain the highest ADMA and NMMA mean levels. Our results establish that the three methylarginines, in addition to being produced endogenously, can also be taken daily through the diet in conspicuous amounts. We propose that the contribution of the methylarginines contained in the vegetables of daily diet should be taken into account when the association between vegetable assumption and their levels is evaluated in clinical studies. Furthermore, a comprehensive understanding on the role of the digestive breakdown process and intestinal absorption grade of the methylarginines contained in vegetables is now needed. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The propensity of canine distemper virus (CDV) to spread to the central nervous system is one of the primary features of distemper. Therefore, we developed a reverse genetics system based on the neurovirulent Snyder Hill (SH) strain of CDV (CDVSH) and show that this virus rapidly circumvents the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers to spread into the subarachnoid space to induce dramatic viral meningoencephalitis.

Broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing revealed the presence of Enterobacter. We finally diagnosed nonaneurysmal infectious aortitis, and we performed a successful surgical resection. Establishing a diagnosis of aortic infection before formation of an aneurysm is difficult. The molecular diagnostic technique was particularly useful in specifying the microbial species and diagnosis. (J Vasc Surg 2011;53:472-4.)”
“Marfan syndrome is an autosomally

inherited disorder Palbociclib datasheet affecting the synthesis of connective tissues. Vascular manifestations of Marfan syndrome include aneurysmal dilatation of the aortic root, aortic dissection, and rupture. Peripheral aneurysms are mostly reported in the iliac, femoral, and subclavian arteries. We report a Marfan patient with a ruptured axillary artery aneurysm and a large left internal mammary artery aneurysm. The axillary aneurysm was successfully https://www.selleckchem.com/products/selonsertib-gs-4997.html excluded using covered stent grafts, and the left internal mammary artery aneurysm was effectively coiled. Duplex ultrasound imaging at 4 months and computed tomography at 9 months demonstrated complete thrombosis and exclusion of both aneurysms with patent subclavian-axillary stent grafts. (J Vase Surg 2011;53:478-82.)”
“We

report a case of traumatic internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm near the skull base that was successfully treated with anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy and two overlapping bare stems placed under intravascular ultrasound guidance. Although incomplete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm was seen on completion angiography, follow-up computed tomography angiography revealed complete resolution of the treated lesion. The patient remains asymptomatic at the 18-month clinical follow-up. This case report illustrates a successful endovascular

treatment of a complex traumatic pseudoaneurysm with bare metal stenting using intravascular ultrasound guidance. (J Vase Surg 2011;53:483-6.)”
“BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: A cavernous hemangioma arising from the abducens nerve has not been previously reported in the literature. Based on the surgical experience with this case, the authors discuss the clinical importance and resectability potential of a duplicated abducens selleck chemical nerve.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old woman presented with a recurrence of diplopia that had occurred 3 years before this admission and had spontaneously resolved without any specific treatment. On admission, there were no specific neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cone-shaped mass on the right anterior cerebellopontine angle with hemorrhagic change. Surgical resection via a standard right lateral suboccipital approach was performed. A cystic mass was found emerging from the entry zone of the Dorello canal and encircling the larger branch of the duplicate abducens nerve.

IL-1 beta

in the hippocampus was increased at 6 h after isoflurane exposure. Isoflurane also increased activated caspase 3 in the hippocampus and decreased the neuronal density in the CA1 region. However, isoflurane did not change the amount of beta-amyloid peptide in the cerebral cortex at 29 days after isoflurane exposure when cognitive impairment was present. These results suggest that isoflurane increases inflammatory cytokine expression and causes cell injury in the hippocampus, which may contribute to isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in rats. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The ability to confirm the diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus types AZD6738 molecular weight 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in at-risk individuals in Sao Paulo, Brazil by Western blotting (WB), conventional polymerase chain reaction (tax and pot PCR) and real-time PCR (pal) is compared. Seventy-three blood samples that were reactive in HTLV-1/2 serological screening enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) were evaluated. HTLV-1/2 was confirmed in 53 blood samples: 48 were positive by WB, 41 were positive by PCR and 42 scored positive by real-time PCR assays (3 7 of 48 WB-positive samples plus five WB-indeterminate samples

that were further this website confirmed by sequencing). Although WB was able to detect more cases of HTLV-1/2 infection, the real-time PCR assay was able to discriminate between these two viruses and confirm an individual HTLV-1/HTLV-2 diagnosis in two HTLV WB-untyped samples and five WB-indeterminate samples. Because of the large number of WB-indeterminate samples and the cost of the WB assay in Brazil, it is proposed an algorithm that employs two EIAs for screening and then real-time PCR to

confirm the infection, followed by testing any PCR-negative samples with the WB assay. This strategy reduces costs and improves the accuracy of the diagnosis of HTLV-1/2. find more (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The minor coat protein of the avian reovirus (ARV), sigma C, encoded by the Si genome segment, is one of the major candidates for the development of a subunit vaccine against ARV infection. To develop a plant-based vaccine to immunize poultry against ARV infection, we constructed 4 plant nuclear expression vectors with or without codon modification of the 51 gene, and their expression was driven by a CaMV 35S promoter or rice actin1 promoter. In addition, the expressed sigma C proteins were targeted subcellularly to cytosol or chloroplasts, respectively. Agrobacterium containing the S1 expression constructs was used to transform tobacco leaf disks, and transformants were selected with kanamycin (100 mu g/ml). The integration of the S1 transgene into the tobacco chromosome was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Western blot analysis with antiserum against sigma C was performed to determine the expression of sigma C protein in transgenic tobacco plants.

Participants included 158 families (N Gamma-secretase inhibitor = 474) with a mother, a father, and a son or daughter aged 22 to 49 years. Actor-partner

interaction models revealed that parents and offspring who self-reported greater ambivalence showed poorer psychological well-being. Partner reports of ambivalence were associated with poorer physical health. When fathers reported greater ambivalence, offspring reported poorer physical health. When grown children reported greater ambivalence, mothers reported poorer physical health. Fathers and offspring who scored lower in neuroticism showed stronger associations between ambivalence and well-being. Findings suggest that parents or offspring may experience Daporinad mw greater ambivalence when the other party is in poorer health and that personality moderates associations between relationship qualities and well-being.”
“The accumulation of beta-amyloid (A beta) is the earliest event seen in the neocortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Transgenic mouse models of A beta deposition are excellent tools for validating pharmacological therapies for reducing A beta burden. Sensitive and rapid probes should be needed for detecting A beta

plaques ex vivo and in vivo in the transgenic mouse models. However, a thioflavin derivative, Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB), which is a successful PET tracer for detecting A beta plaques in AD brains, does not visualize A beta plaques in APP and PS1/APP transgenic mice. Here, we report

that Hoechst 33342, a cell-permeable fluorescent probe for staining DNA and nuclei, also detects A beta plaques in APP Tg Mouse. These findings could allow us to rapidly detect A beta plaques in AD mouse models, and to develop improved compounds for detecting A beta plaques in vivo in mouse models. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights Selleck SCH772984 reserved.”
“In this study, we examined the relationship between within-person blood pressure and cognitive functioning. We conducted an analysis on 36 community-dwelling elderly individuals (age range = 60-87 years). Participants measured (heir blood pressure and completed cognitive tasks (i.e., the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, the Letter Series test, and the Number Comparison test) twice a day over 60 consecutive days. We (observed a significant interaction between within-person change in blood pressure and average blood pressure for the Letter Series test. Individuals with high blood pressure tended to perform poorly, particularly on occasions when their blood pressure level was above their personal average. These results demonstrate that the relationship between blood pressure and cognition at the between-person level and the relationship within each individual should he further explored simultaneously.

In contrast to our previous findings with TKIs, omacetaxine did not accumulate undivided cells in vitro. Furthermore, the functionality of surviving stem cells following omacetaxine exposure was significantly reduced in a dose-dependant manner, as determined by colony forming cell and the more stringent long-term culture initiating cell colony assays. This stem cell-directed activity was not limited to CML stem cells as both normal and non-CML CD34(+) cells were sensitive to inhibition. Thus,

although omacetaxine is not leukaemia stem cell specific, its ability to induce apoptosis of leukaemic stem cells distinguishes it from TKIs and creates the potential for a curative strategy for persistent disease. Leukemia (2011) 25, 985-994; doi:10.1038/leu.2011.55; click here published online 5 April 2011″
“The capacity of human transposable elements S63845 (TEs) to promote cis natural antisense transcripts (cis-NATs) is revealed by the discovery of 48 718 human gene antisense transcriptional start sites (TSSs) within TE sequences. TSSs that yield cis-NATs are overrepresented among TE sequences, and TE-initiated cis-NATs are

more abundant close to the 3′ ends of genes. The TE sequences that promote antisense transcription within human genes are relatively ancient, suggesting that selection has acted to conserve their function.”
“Introduction Using balloon-expandable stents (BES) for treatment of intracranial stenoses, high inflation pressures and rigidity of the device are regarded as major drawbacks limiting feasibility and

safety of the procedure. Self-expanding stents (SES) were developed to facilitate lesion access and to allow for less this website aggressive dilatation. We analyzed data of the INTRASTENT multicentric registry to assess whether self-expanding stents significantly reduced peri-interventional complication rates.

Methods Records of intracranial stent procedures were entered consecutively into the registry. Datasets were divided into two groups according to the type of stent used. For outcome measurement, we chose three categories: TIA/minor stroke [modified Rankin score (mRS) < 2], disabling stroke, and patient death. Clinical outcome was compared between BES and SES. We analyzed types of adverse events occurring in each group in addition.

Results Of 409 atherosclerotic lesions, 254 were treated with BES and 155 with SES. Technical success rates were 97.6% and 98.7%, respectively. Adverse event rates were 4.9%, 3.7%, and 0.8% for TIA/nondisabling stroke, disabling stroke, and death in the BES group compared with 5.3%, 6.0%, and 4.0% in the SES group. The differences were not statistically significant. We observed more perforator strokes after use of BES, but thromboembolic events occurred more often in the SES treatment group.

In conclusion, this is the first report suggesting that the impaired cognitive ability of SAMP8 is ameliorated by IBM-BMT. It seems likely that decreases in IL-1 beta, IL-6, iNOS and HO-1 are a result of the development of donor-derived BMCs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“There is a close analogy between statistical thermodynamics and the evolution of allele frequencies under mutation, selection and random drift. Wright’s formula for the stationary distribution of allele frequencies is

analogous to the Boltzmann distribution in statistical physics. Population size, 2N, plays the role of the inverse temperature, 1/kT, and determines the magnitude of random fluctuations. Log mean fitness, log((W) over bar), tends to increase under selection, and is analogous to a (negative) energy; a potential function, U, increases under mutation in a similar this website way. An entropy, S(H), can be defined which measures the deviation from the distribution of allele frequencies expected under random drift alone; the sum G check details = E[log((W) over bar) + U +S(H)] gives a free fitness that increases as the population evolves towards its stationary distribution. Usually, we observe

the distribution of a few quantitative traits that depend on the frequencies of very many alleles. The mean and variance of such traits are analogous to observable quantities in statistical thermodynamics. Thus, we can define an entropy, S(Omega), which measures the volume of allele frequency space that is consistent with the observed trait distribution. The stationary distribution of the traits is exp[2N(log((W) over bar) + U + S(Omega))]; SP600125 this applies with arbitrary epistasis and dominance.

The entropies S(Omega), S(H) are distinct, but converge when there are so many alleles that traits fluctuate close to their expectations. Populations tend to evolve towards states that can be realised in many ways (i.e., large S(Omega)), which may lead to a substantial drop below the adaptive peak; we illustrate this point with a simple model of genetic redundancy. This analogy with statistical thermodynamics brings together previous ideas in a general framework, and justifies a maximum entropy approximation to the dynamics of quantitative traits. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Retinal stem cells (RSCs) have been demonstrated at the proliferating marginal regions from the pars plana of ciliary body to the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) in adult lower vertebrates and mammals. Investigations in the lower vertebrates have provided some evidence that RSCs can proliferate following retinal damage; however, the evidence that this occurs in mammals is not clear. In this study, we explored RSCs proliferation potential of adult mammalian in proliferating marginal regions of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, an animal model for retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Results revealed that patients with schizophrenia exhibited a more pronounced learning deficit for M-biased relative to P-biased stimuli. In aMCI, there were similar memory deficits for both types of stimuli. Orientation discrimination for M- and P-biased stimuli was intact in both groups of patients. The number of errors in the M-biased memory condition significantly and inversely correlated with the volume of the right hippocampus in schizophrenia. These results suggest an interaction between M-biased perceptual processing

and short-term relational memory in schizophrenia, which may be associated with the structural alteration of the right hippocampus. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights Epigenetic Reader Domain inhibitor reserved.”
“The effects of pre-conditioning administration of anxiolytic benzodiazepines on the acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and on the acquisition of attenuation of neophobia (AN) were investigated in C57BL/6 mice.

A CTA was induced by injecting lithium chloride (LiCl; 6 mEq (.) kg(-1)) 30 min after the animal had imbibed a novel 0.5% saccharin solution. In other animals, neophobia was attenuated by a single access to the novel 0.5% saccharin solution, followed only by injection of saline.

Pre-conditioning administration of chlordiazepoxide

(CDZ; 6-24 mg (.) kg(-1), i.p.) and alprazolam (0.3-1 mg (.) kg(-1), p.o.) resulted in a CTA that did not differ initially from that observed in vehicle-treated controls, but which showed faster extinction. The acquisition of AN PRT062607 was

impaired only after the higher doses of CDZ (12-24 mg (.) kg(-1), i.p.) or alprazolam (1 mg (.) kg(-1), i.p.). The results show that in this test, altered acquisition of an aversive CTA memory by anxiolytic benzodiazepines is reflected in more rapid extinction. Moreover, at low doses, these drugs showed selectivity for weakening CTA learning compared to AN learning. Evidence is discussed that selective weakening of aversive memory formation is a clinically relevant effect of anxiolytic benzodiazepines.”
“bjectives: Sleeve lobectomy was introduced for patients with lung cancer whose pulmonary reserve was inadequate for pneumonectomy. However, the safety and survival benefits of wedge bronchoplastic lobectomy as an alternative Evofosfamide solubility dmso to sleeve lobectomy have not been thoroughly studied. This study was performed to evaluate the safety and oncologic results of wedge bronchoplastic lobectomy for lung cancer.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 191 patients who underwent wedge bronchoplastic lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection from 2001 to 2009.

Results: There were 174 male patients with a mean age of 61.8 +/- 8.2 years. The median follow-up duration was 28 months. Nine patients showed severe postoperative complications: bronchopleural fistulas (n = 3), necrosis at the bronchoplasty site (n = 1), or obstruction (n = 5).