8 Here we refer to NAFLD/NASH when the discussion is about the pathologically more significant form of

NAFLD, present in 20–30% of cases.3–5 In this review, we first consider the rationale for considering NAFLD as a distinct entity, where NASH fits into that concept, and the mechanistic implications of what appear to be inextricable connections between over-nutrition and insulin find more resistance; visceral adiposity and steatosis; adipose restriction, inflammation and failure and worsening insulin resistance. We then discuss newer aspects that now seem relevant to NASH pathogenesis, distinguishing between what is known and key questions that remain unanswered (Table 1). Since this field is now extensive, we will confine the first part of the review to metabolic factors, which we believe lead to steatohepatitis—not just steatosis. In Part 2 of the review, we will consider mechanisms whereby lipotoxicity leads to hepatocellular injury,

inflammation and fibrosis, the pathological features of NASH. To the extent that NASH has neither a single cause, unique and reproducible clinicopathological hallmarks or an accepted treatment, it is not a disease. But neither is high arterial blood pressure, cigarette smoking, expanded waistline nor hypercholesterolemia! Yet who would dispute the health implications buy Ibrutinib of these pathophysiological measurements, 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 behaviors or changes in body composition? When they are combined, the implications for

cardiovascular health, T2D and cancer risk are strongly supported by epidemiological evidence, albeit there remains debate about the utility of combining them as a defined ‘metabolic syndrome’.12 Likewise, NAFLD is a condition in which hepatocytes, which normally contain only small amounts of storage lipid, contain supra-physiological amounts of fat. This can be observed by light microscopy as ‘steatosis.’10,11 With NAFLD, the amount of hepatic storage triglyceride varies from just above normal (5% liver mass) to greater than ten-fold normal levels.13–15 Whether there is more in NASH is important to establish, although with development of cirrhosis steatosis decreases. Variability in free fatty acids (FFA) and other lipid molecules is greater and may be more relevant to steatohepatitis pathogenesis, as discussed in part 2. The increased susceptibility of fatty livers to injury (after surgical resection,16 during ischemia-reperfusion,17 or with hepatitis C virus infection18) is one piece of evidence that NAFLD is not a healthy state, although with simple steatosis (SS), progression to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare.19,20 When hepatocytes leak their intracellular contents into serum, evident by a rise in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ferritin, etc.

Specifically, Misoprostol administration significantly decreased LPS-inducible TNF and enhanced IL-10 expression. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effect of Misoprostol was mediated by epigenetic mechanisms involving promoter associated histone modifications that regulate cytokine gene expression. Specifically, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis

showed that Misoprostol modified transcriptionally permissive histone states, including histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9Ac) and H3 serine 10 phosphorylation (H3S10ph) in the TNF and IL-10 promoter regions. Further, Misoprostol induced promoter-histone modifications affected the occupancy by the critical transcription factors NFκB and CREB which in turn influenced the recruitment of RNA polymerase II and mRNA expression. Conclusions: Human and ex vivo studies provide initial BAY 57-1293 in vitro evidence that Misoprostol can effectively down-regulate LPS-inducible TNF expression which plays a significant etiologic role in AH. Importantly, the study also

identifies the role of epigenetic mechanisms involved in the mode of action of Misoprostol. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of Misoprostol on the modulation of cytokine activity, liver function and clinical course in AH patients. Disclosures: Shirish Barve – Speaking and Teaching: Abbott Craig J. McClain – Consulting: Vertex, Gilead, Baxter, Celgene, Nestle, Danisco, Abbott, Genentech; Grant/Research Support: Ocera, Merck, Glaxo SmithKline; Speaking and Teaching: Roche The following people have nothing to disclose: Leila Gobejishvili, Rehan A. Khan, Diana HDAC inhibitor Avila, Daniell B. Hill Purpose: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a novel metabolic regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism and has excellent potential in the treatment of obesity

and type 2 diabetes in rodents and monkeys. Alcohol exposure affects lipid metabolism by increasing lipogenesis and decreasing fatty acid beta-oxidation. However, it is currently unknown whether alcohol exposure affects FGF-21 expression, which is the purpose of this study. Methods: Serum FGF-21 levels were measured in 25 consenting human subjects with severe medchemexpress acute alcoholic hepatitis and were compared to 17 healthy, non-drinking controls by ELISA. C57BL/6 mice were fed Lieber DeCarli diet containing 5% alcohol or maltose dextrin for 12 days, and were given one dose of alcohol at 6 g/kg by gavage 6 hours before sacrificing. Serum and hepatic tissues from alcohol-exposed and control mice were harvested. Serum and hepatic FGF-21 levels were measured by ELISA, and hepatic FGF-21 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR. Liver triglyceride and serum free fatty acids were also measured. H4IIE cells were cultured and exposed to ethanol for various times and at different concentrations. mRNA levels of FGF-21 were measured. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls multiple-comparison test. Differences between groups were considered significant at P < 0.

Sequence comparison of an amplified segment of the polymerase gene isolated from six English ivy Selleck AG 14699 samples revealed its high similarity with known plant cytorhabdoviruses. Lettuce yellow mottle virus was recognized as a closely related virus with 79.6% aa identity in the amplified region of the CB2 isolate and around 70% aa identity for the CB1, CB6 and CB18 isolates. The CB11 and CB16 isolates show a closer relationship to Raspberry vein chlorosis virus, with 75 and 69% aa identity, respectively. These data in combination with phylogenetic analyses resulted in discrimination of four new rhabdoviruses. The names Ivy latent viruses 1, 2, 3

and 4 (IvLV1, IvLV2, IvLV3 and IvLV4) are proposed for these viruses. “
“Electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathological changes induced in tomato leaves by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) that infects tomato plants worldwide causing severe necrotic symptoms. Plants infected with one of the Polish isolates Ferroptosis phosphorylation of ToTV were used for cytopathological research. The results revealed severe cellular alterations, especially in Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, it was shown that crystalline aggregates of virions occurred not only within the phloem cells as it has been previously reported. “
“Yellow vein mosaic disease induced by a whitefly transmitted monopartite begomovirus causes a devastating foliar

disease of Hibiscus cannabinus (mesta) crops across India. Characterization of the causal virus at molecular level and different epidemiological factors associated with the disease have already been investigated to understand the role of driving components behind continued spread of the disease. We have investigated the global gene expression profiling to increase knowledge of transcriptional changes taken place in a compatible interaction between Mesta yellow vein mosaic virus (MeYVMV) and H. cannabinus plants by PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization supplemented with mirror orientation selection. Dot-blot analysis of MCE公司 forward and reverse subtracted libraries with respective cDNA probes confirmed the differential regulation of 100 clones of forward subtracted library and 70 clones of reverse-subtracted

library of 220 positive colonies (proved by colony PCR and restriction release) picked for analysis (from both reactions), and these clones were sequenced. Sequence analysis and virtual Northern blot at varying time points of the infection process finally confirmed the consistent up-regulation of 11 and down-regulation of seven gene fragments (ESTs) in infected plant. The up-regulated transcripts could be functionally categorized in three different groups: (i) members of signal transduction cascades, (ii) host defence-responsive elements and (iii) factors involved in metabolism and transport. Down-regulation of the gene encoding SGT1 protein in infected plants suggested the possible modulation by the virus to overcome host defence responses.

Sequence comparison of an amplified segment of the polymerase gene isolated from six English ivy BEZ235 samples revealed its high similarity with known plant cytorhabdoviruses. Lettuce yellow mottle virus was recognized as a closely related virus with 79.6% aa identity in the amplified region of the CB2 isolate and around 70% aa identity for the CB1, CB6 and CB18 isolates. The CB11 and CB16 isolates show a closer relationship to Raspberry vein chlorosis virus, with 75 and 69% aa identity, respectively. These data in combination with phylogenetic analyses resulted in discrimination of four new rhabdoviruses. The names Ivy latent viruses 1, 2, 3

and 4 (IvLV1, IvLV2, IvLV3 and IvLV4) are proposed for these viruses. “
“Electron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathological changes induced in tomato leaves by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) that infects tomato plants worldwide causing severe necrotic symptoms. Plants infected with one of the Polish isolates MG-132 mw of ToTV were used for cytopathological research. The results revealed severe cellular alterations, especially in Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, it was shown that crystalline aggregates of virions occurred not only within the phloem cells as it has been previously reported. “
“Yellow vein mosaic disease induced by a whitefly transmitted monopartite begomovirus causes a devastating foliar

disease of Hibiscus cannabinus (mesta) crops across India. Characterization of the causal virus at molecular level and different epidemiological factors associated with the disease have already been investigated to understand the role of driving components behind continued spread of the disease. We have investigated the global gene expression profiling to increase knowledge of transcriptional changes taken place in a compatible interaction between Mesta yellow vein mosaic virus (MeYVMV) and H. cannabinus plants by PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization supplemented with mirror orientation selection. Dot-blot analysis of MCE forward and reverse subtracted libraries with respective cDNA probes confirmed the differential regulation of 100 clones of forward subtracted library and 70 clones of reverse-subtracted

library of 220 positive colonies (proved by colony PCR and restriction release) picked for analysis (from both reactions), and these clones were sequenced. Sequence analysis and virtual Northern blot at varying time points of the infection process finally confirmed the consistent up-regulation of 11 and down-regulation of seven gene fragments (ESTs) in infected plant. The up-regulated transcripts could be functionally categorized in three different groups: (i) members of signal transduction cascades, (ii) host defence-responsive elements and (iii) factors involved in metabolism and transport. Down-regulation of the gene encoding SGT1 protein in infected plants suggested the possible modulation by the virus to overcome host defence responses.

Contributed by “
“A 59-year old female patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with acute liver failure (ALF) related to Aminata phalloides mushroom poisoning; mushrooms had been ingested 8 hours before symptoms developed. Treatment by N-acetyl cysteine (Flumicil) was begun. Four days after ingestion, a second increase in liver enzymes (transaminases level >1,000 UI/L) was observed with a marked decrease

in coagulation factors (prothrombin time [PT] 6%; factor V 9%). Although there was no encephalopathy or altered renal function, the patient was scheduled for emergency liver transplantation because according to the literature and in our PD-0332991 datasheet experience, rapid deterioration can occur with a fatal outcome if curative treatment is not undertaken.[1, 2] Because of the absence of any underlying liver disease and the relative hemodynamic stability of the patient, auxiliary orthotopic liver transplantation (AOLT) was decided on. Frozen section histology of the native liver parenchyma showed hepatocyte necrosis of 70-80% without fibrosis, indicating that native liver regeneration was possible. A native liver right tri-sectionectomy was performed and segments IV to VIII were removed. A whole cadaveric liver graft was transplanted from a brain-dead donor and vascular anastomoses

were performed selleck to privilege the liver graft. The postoperative course was marked by rapid recovery of liver function tests (PT = 85%; bilirubin = 15 μmol/l) on postoperative day 5 and the patient was MCE discharged on postoperative day 26. Immunosuppression included glucocorticoids (for 3 months), mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. Six months after AOLT, functional recovery of the native liver was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scan volumetry (Fig. 1). There were signs of hypertrophy of the native liver, which was confirmed by liver biopsy showing normal liver architecture with a few inflammatory cells without necrosis. Eleven months after AOLT (Fig. 2), significant native

liver hypertrophy was observed and was confirmed by another liver biopsy, which showed marked native liver regeneration with no acute or chronic inflammation. Immunosuppression was gradually tapered down according to our established protocol (0.5 mg × 2 of tacrolimus, twice weekly) at this time. The graft progressively atrophied as the native liver hypertrophied and immunosuppressive treatment was stopped completely 18 months after AOLT. The graft disappeared completely after 2 years (Fig. 1). The patient is now living a normal life without treatment. Although most cases of ALF recover rapidly with medical treatment, LT may be the only lifesaving treatment in certain critical patients in whom a spontaneous cure is unlikely.[3, 4] Theoretically, AOLT is an excellent option.

Results 178 newborn have given birth from 178 pregnant women. The positive rates of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV-DNA of newborns from pregnant women with HBV-DNA high viral loads was significantly higher than that of the pregnant women with HBV-DNA low viral loads (HBV-DNA < 107 IU/ml) (25%, 25%, 5% vs. 1%, 1%, 0%, respectively).

The HBV-DNA viral loads of telbivudine treatment group was significantly decreased before delivery when compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05), in which the HBsAg and HBeAg positive rate of early antiviral therapy were significantly lower than that of late antiviral selleckchem therapy (3.57%) and control (25%). Early administration of telbivudine also significantly reduced the positive rate of HBV-DNA. All neonates have no birth defects. All women in two groups had no difference in the pregnant

complications beta-catenin activation and neonatal complications during delivery. Conclusion The risk of mother-to-child transmission in pregnant women with HBV-DNA high viral loads was higher than that of the pregnant women with HBV-DNA low viral loads. The risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus can be reduced significantly by the early application of telbivudine to pregnant women with high viral load of chronic HBV. Key Word Chronic HBsAg carrier; Telbivudine;Early trimester of pregnancy; High HBV viral load; Mother-to-child transmission Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Yingxia Liu, Miao Wang, Jianhua Zhou Background/Aims: Mother medchemexpress to child transmission (MTCT) is one of the main routes of HBV transmission, especially if the pregnant woman has HBV-DNA >6-7logIU/mL at delivery. Antiviral therapy given during the last trimester of pregnancy, in association with serovaccination, can reduce the risk of MTCT. Nonetheless, TDF use from the first trimester has not been well documented in HBV mono-infected patients. The aim of this study was to analyze

the efficacy and safety of TDF during pregnancy. Methods: Among 441 HBV patients treated with TDF included in a French real-life cohort (VIREAL study), 14 cases of pregnancy were reported. Virologic data were collected at the beginning of pregnancy and at delivery. TDF treatment initiation and interruption were recorded. Serovaccination according to French guidelines (HBIg 1 00μg at birth plus 3 doses of HBV vaccine at 0, 1 and 6 months) was recommended for all babies. Safety data were analyzed during pregnancy, labor and follow-up. MTCT was evaluated by HBsAg status in infants after 9 months. Results: Baseline characteristics (n=14) were: mean age 29 years, 43% African origin and 57% HBeAg-positive. Among patients with prior fibrosis evaluation (n=1 0), 40% had METAVIR stage F0-F1 and 60% had F2. Eight patients were already receiving TDF treatment at the beginning of pregnancy with undetectable HBV-DNA.

Results 178 newborn have given birth from 178 pregnant women. The positive rates of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV-DNA of newborns from pregnant women with HBV-DNA high viral loads was significantly higher than that of the pregnant women with HBV-DNA low viral loads (HBV-DNA < 107 IU/ml) (25%, 25%, 5% vs. 1%, 1%, 0%, respectively).

The HBV-DNA viral loads of telbivudine treatment group was significantly decreased before delivery when compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05), in which the HBsAg and HBeAg positive rate of early antiviral therapy were significantly lower than that of late antiviral selleck chemical therapy (3.57%) and control (25%). Early administration of telbivudine also significantly reduced the positive rate of HBV-DNA. All neonates have no birth defects. All women in two groups had no difference in the pregnant

complications Erlotinib molecular weight and neonatal complications during delivery. Conclusion The risk of mother-to-child transmission in pregnant women with HBV-DNA high viral loads was higher than that of the pregnant women with HBV-DNA low viral loads. The risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus can be reduced significantly by the early application of telbivudine to pregnant women with high viral load of chronic HBV. Key Word Chronic HBsAg carrier; Telbivudine;Early trimester of pregnancy; High HBV viral load; Mother-to-child transmission Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: Yingxia Liu, Miao Wang, Jianhua Zhou Background/Aims: Mother MCE公司 to child transmission (MTCT) is one of the main routes of HBV transmission, especially if the pregnant woman has HBV-DNA >6-7logIU/mL at delivery. Antiviral therapy given during the last trimester of pregnancy, in association with serovaccination, can reduce the risk of MTCT. Nonetheless, TDF use from the first trimester has not been well documented in HBV mono-infected patients. The aim of this study was to analyze

the efficacy and safety of TDF during pregnancy. Methods: Among 441 HBV patients treated with TDF included in a French real-life cohort (VIREAL study), 14 cases of pregnancy were reported. Virologic data were collected at the beginning of pregnancy and at delivery. TDF treatment initiation and interruption were recorded. Serovaccination according to French guidelines (HBIg 1 00μg at birth plus 3 doses of HBV vaccine at 0, 1 and 6 months) was recommended for all babies. Safety data were analyzed during pregnancy, labor and follow-up. MTCT was evaluated by HBsAg status in infants after 9 months. Results: Baseline characteristics (n=14) were: mean age 29 years, 43% African origin and 57% HBeAg-positive. Among patients with prior fibrosis evaluation (n=1 0), 40% had METAVIR stage F0-F1 and 60% had F2. Eight patients were already receiving TDF treatment at the beginning of pregnancy with undetectable HBV-DNA.

To confirm

these results, RT-PCR for the mRNA of inflammatory markers such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) showed no significant differences in WT and KO mice fed the MCD diet (Fig. 5C). However, there GS1101 was significant difference in the mRNA expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), a marker of HSC activation (Fig. 5C). Livers from mice fed an MCD diet showed significant deposition of triglycerides, with macronodular and micronodular distribution of fat as evaluated by Oil-red O staining compared to mice fed a control diet supplemented with methionine and choline (MCS diet; Fig. 5D,E). The higher deposition of fat in mice fed the MCD diet was confirmed by measuring hepatic triglycerides content (Fig. 5F). A slight increase in fat deposition in mice receiving the MCS control diet was observed compared to mice fed a normal chow diet (Fig. 5D,E). There was no difference in hepatic lipid content between NOX-deficient and WT mice (Fig. 5D-F). This suggests that NOX is dispensable for fat accumulation in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Oxidative stress is a hallmark of NASH, which is recapitulated

in mice fed an MCD diet. Reductions in antioxidant defense mechanisms as well as increases in ROS production are attributed to methionine-choline deficiency. Immunohistochemistry for 4-HNE adducts showed similar staining in the livers of NOX-deficient (p47phox KO) and WT mice fed an MCD diet, indicating a diet-induced increase in ROS production that is independent of NOX (Fig. 6A). Accordingly, EX 527 solubility dmso TBARS levels were significantly increased in mice fed an MCD diet compared to

an MCS diet, but no difference between WT and KO mice was observed (Fig. 6B). This result was confirmed by immunofluorescence MCE staining in MCS-fed and MCD-fed mice that revealed 4-HNE in the hepatocytes of both WT and KO MCD-fed mice (Fig. 6C). Thus, the generation of total hepatic ROS in this NASH model is independent of NOX. Even if NOX does not affect fat accumulation and generation of total hepatic ROS, it might still affect the development of liver fibrosis following an MCD diet. Sirius red staining indicated that feeding an MCD diet for 10 weeks results in significant fibrosis in WT mice compared to mice fed an MCS diet. However, NOX-deficient (p47phox KO) mice fed an MCD diet failed to develop fibrosis (Fig. 7A). Collagen α1(I) and αSMA mRNAs were increased in WT mice fed an MCD diet in comparison to mice fed the control MCS diet. This increase in fibrogenic markers was significantly attenuated in NOX-deficient mice fed an MCD diet (Fig. 7B). Collectively, these data suggest that NOX is not involved in lipid metabolism and hepatic fat accumulation but NOX is required for the development of fibrosis in the metabolic model of liver disease. Indeed, HSCs express ROS in WT, but not NOX-deficient, mice fed an MCD diet (Supporting Fig.

Also, contemporary Mednyi, Bering and mainland Alaskan Arctic foxes were analyzed. Registered genetic variability in historical Mednyi was higher than in contemporary Mednyi Arctic foxes, but lower than in contemporary the Bering population. Our data confirms that the bottleneck reduced an already depleted polymorphism in Mednyi Arctic foxes. Lack of genetic variability could

be a reason why the Mednyi population did not recover following the outbreak of mange. “
“Many seasonally breeding mammals use changes in photoperiod as a reliable cue to time reproduction. Photoperiodic timing assists an animal in predicting annual environmental changes in its habitat and therefore, enables it to accurately time reproductive events to the most favourable conditions. Changes in day length are more pronounced in DNA/RNA Synthesis inhibitor the temperate regions and photoperiod is used as a cue for reproduction by most mammals above 30° latitude; however, a number of subtropical selleck screening library species also use

this proximate factor to regulate their reproductive cycle. We investigated the reproductive photoresponsiveness of 14 male spiny mice (Acomys spinosissimus) from southern Africa to short-day (SD; 8 h light : 16 h dark) and long-day (LD; 16 h light : 8 h dark) photoperiods. Testicular mass and volume, seminiferous tubule diameter and plasma testosterone concentrations significantly increased in animals subjected to LD and they were regressed when the males were kept under SD. Body mass of the males was not significantly affected by the photoperiodic conditions. Although male A. spinosissimus appear to use photoperiod 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 as a proximate factor to regulate reproduction seasonally, other environmental factors, such as rainfall, food quantity and quality as well as temperature, may regulate reproduction in A. spinosissimus in concert with photoperiod. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the significance of photoperiodic time-measuring systems in the regulation of seasonal reproduction in a subtropical rodent. “
“The circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in a southern African shrew, the reddish-grey musk

shrew Crocidura cyanea was investigated. Thirteen individuals were subjected to three successive light cycles, each cycle lasting approximately 2 weeks: an LD cycle (12 h light/12 h dark), a DD cycle (constant darkness) and a DL cycle (an inverse of the LD cycle). All of the animals exhibited entrainment of their activity to the LD and DL lighting regimes. Locomotor activity of C. cyanea occurred predominantly during the dark phases of the LD cycle and the DL cycle. Under LD, the mean active phase (α) of C. cyanea was 10.8±0.3 h and the total percentage of activity was 78.9% during the dark phase. When subjected to constant darkness, the mean active phase increased to 13.2±01.8 h and all animals expressed free-running rhythms of locomotor activity (mean±1 sd=23.0±0.55 h; range=22.4–23.7 h).

Biancolilla. All species were pathogenic on leaves, but only U. consortiale

produced cortical lesions Akt inhibitor on twigs, thus suggesting its main role in the Olea europaea twig dieback. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. phaeospermum, P. cladoniicola and U. consortiale as olive pathogens. “
“Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease on pines, can be disseminated by wood produced in infested areas. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of wood preservatives, commonly used against sapstain and wood-decay fungi, on growth and sporulation of Fusarium circinatum. Seven active ingredients of antisapstain and anti-wood-decay preservatives were evaluated by their inhibition of mycelial growth. Propiconazole, tebuconazole, and 3-iodo-2-propinyl butyl carbamate (IPBC) were effective against F. circinatum, whereas hydroxycarbonate of cooper was not. An assay was also conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three commercial antisapstain and two anti-wood-decay preservatives on Pinus radiata sapwood blocks buy Venetoclax that were previously inoculated with Fusarium circinatum. The product with the best efficacy was an antidecay preservative composed of tebuconazole, propiconazole, and dichlofluanid. None of the antisapstain preservatives tested was effective

even though they contained fungicidal ingredients. Effects of dosage, product application, and formulation on the efficacy of these preservatives are discussed. “
“Yellowing symptoms similar to coconut yellow decline phytoplasma disease were observed on lipstick palms (Cyrtostachys renda) in Selangor state, Malaysia. Typical symptoms were yellowing, light green fronds, gradual collapse of older fronds and decline in growth. Polymerase 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 chain reaction assay was employed to detect phytoplasma in symptomatic lipstick palms. Extracted DNA was amplified from symptomatic lipstick palms by PCR using phytoplasma-universal primer pair P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2. Phytoplasma presence was confirmed, and the 1250 bp

products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that the phytoplasmas associated with lipstick yellow frond disease were isolates of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ belonging to the 16SrI group. Virtual RFLP analysis of the resulting profiles revealed that these palm-infecting phytoplasmas belong to subgroup 16SrI-B and a possibly new 16SrI-subgroup. This is the first report of lipstick palm as a new host of aster yellows phytoplasma (16SrI) in Malaysia and worldwide. “
“The complete genome sequence of a Laixi isolate of Peanut stripe virus (PStV-Laixi) from China was determined to be 10, 056 nucleotides in length, excluding the 3′-terminal poly (A) tail. The viral genome contains a single long open reading frame of 9669 nucleotides encoding a polyprotein of 3222 amino acids. The polyprotein was predicted to be cleaved into ten functional proteins by three viral proteases.