In these patients, palliative treatment is possible, employing systemic therapy. Genetic profiling has suggested that HCC progression is attributed JNK phosphorylation to a number of altered signaling pathways as well as epigenetic mechanisms. Thus, as in other tumor entities,

targeted agents are investigated as novel therapeutic options. Along this line, angiogenesis inhibition is a prime therapeutic target in solid tumors, especially in highly vascularized HCC. Since the successful completion of the SHARP study in 2007,2 the antiproliferative and angiostatic multi–tyrosin kinase inhibitor (TKI), sorafenib, has been approved as the first systemic agent for treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic HCC and preserved liver function. Sorafenib primarily inhibits BRAF/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)/platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosin kinases mediating

cell proliferation and angiogenesis; it also blocks many additional kinases, given its lack of selectivity.3 The mechanism underlying the antitumor effect of sorafenib is complex, and even RAF-independent signaling has recently been described as a significant pathway of sorafenib-induced cell death.4 At present, sorafenib represents the only drug with statistically significant, but clinically modest, benefit in terms of improvement in overall survival (OS), time to selleck compound library progression (TTP), and disease control rate. Efficacy of sorafenib in HCC was demonstrated in two

large randomized, controlled trials (RCT): SHARP and the Asia-Pacific study,2, 5 sorafenib significantly reduces the risk of death and prolongs median OS by approximately 3 months. Survival benefit is based on an extended TTP. Sorafenib does not induce tumor-size reduction, and radiologic response has to be confirmed by a decrease in viable tumor mass. Therefore, to identify novel drugs with activity in HCC in future and MCE ongoing trials, modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors criteria have been proposed.6 FGF3/4, fibroblast growth factors 3 and 4; FGFR, FGF receptor; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; OS, overall survival; RCT, randomized, controlled trial; TKI, multi–tyrosin kinase inhibitor; TTP, time to progression; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Sorafenib is associated with relevant toxicities, especially in patients with compromised liver function (stage Child-Pugh B). Patients with cirrhosis suffer from fatigue, and in such patients, sorafenib may cause a rapid deterioration in quality of life. Therefore, predictive (bio)markers to guide therapy with sorafenib are urgently needed. Many clinical parameters and serum markers as well as genomic signatures have been suggested; for example, development of hypertension and diarrhea, known side effects of sorafenib, under therapy seem to be associated with a favorable outcome.

“
“Diagnostics of von Willebrand disease (VWD) includes assessment of factor VIII (FVIII) coagulant activity, von Willebrand factor

(VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag) and VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo), and more specific tests as multimeric and genetic analyses are necessary for the correct VWD classification. The ACL AcuStar™ analyzer introduces chemiluminescence (CL) technology in detection of VWD with automated VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo assays. Compare VWF:Ag-ELISA and VWF:RCo by aggregometry conventional assays with new CL VWF:Ag-IL and VWF:RCo-IL assays, investigate the ability to make accurate VWD diagnosis and concordance with multimeric Maraviroc research buy and genetic analyses. 146 patients with congenital VWD (51 Type

1; 34 Type2A; 16 Type 2B; 31 Type 2M; 5 Type 2N; 9 Type 3) and 30 healthy normal subjects were included. A comparison was made between CL and conventional methods. Diagnostic evaluation included: VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio, multimeric distribution (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]-agarose gel) of VWF and genetic analysis in 110 of 146 patients. CL and conventional methods revealed good correlation. Kappa test agreement diagnosis was >0.8. CL diagnostic sensitivity was 100% and specificity 97%. Multimeric and genetic analysis were of help in clarifying 13 discrepancies of diagnosis between methods, Ceritinib nmr of which six discrepancies were explained by lack of conventional methods′ sensibility. CL methodology can detect VWD and discriminate between type 1, 3 and variant forms and offers an automated, faster, sensitive and less cumbersome method when compared to conventional assays, in particular VWF:RCo by aggregometry. In some cases, even with all phenotype and genetic analyses, discrepancies

exist in the classification of VWD. “
“Summary.  After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man-induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections medchemexpress in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue.

“
“Diagnostics of von Willebrand disease (VWD) includes assessment of factor VIII (FVIII) coagulant activity, von Willebrand factor

(VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag) and VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo), and more specific tests as multimeric and genetic analyses are necessary for the correct VWD classification. The ACL AcuStar™ analyzer introduces chemiluminescence (CL) technology in detection of VWD with automated VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo assays. Compare VWF:Ag-ELISA and VWF:RCo by aggregometry conventional assays with new CL VWF:Ag-IL and VWF:RCo-IL assays, investigate the ability to make accurate VWD diagnosis and concordance with multimeric learn more and genetic analyses. 146 patients with congenital VWD (51 Type

1; 34 Type2A; 16 Type 2B; 31 Type 2M; 5 Type 2N; 9 Type 3) and 30 healthy normal subjects were included. A comparison was made between CL and conventional methods. Diagnostic evaluation included: VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio, multimeric distribution (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]-agarose gel) of VWF and genetic analysis in 110 of 146 patients. CL and conventional methods revealed good correlation. Kappa test agreement diagnosis was >0.8. CL diagnostic sensitivity was 100% and specificity 97%. Multimeric and genetic analysis were of help in clarifying 13 discrepancies of diagnosis between methods, check details of which six discrepancies were explained by lack of conventional methods′ sensibility. CL methodology can detect VWD and discriminate between type 1, 3 and variant forms and offers an automated, faster, sensitive and less cumbersome method when compared to conventional assays, in particular VWF:RCo by aggregometry. In some cases, even with all phenotype and genetic analyses, discrepancies

exist in the classification of VWD. “
“Summary.  After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man-induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections medchemexpress in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue.

“
“Diagnostics of von Willebrand disease (VWD) includes assessment of factor VIII (FVIII) coagulant activity, von Willebrand factor

(VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag) and VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo), and more specific tests as multimeric and genetic analyses are necessary for the correct VWD classification. The ACL AcuStar™ analyzer introduces chemiluminescence (CL) technology in detection of VWD with automated VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo assays. Compare VWF:Ag-ELISA and VWF:RCo by aggregometry conventional assays with new CL VWF:Ag-IL and VWF:RCo-IL assays, investigate the ability to make accurate VWD diagnosis and concordance with multimeric Daporinad purchase and genetic analyses. 146 patients with congenital VWD (51 Type

1; 34 Type2A; 16 Type 2B; 31 Type 2M; 5 Type 2N; 9 Type 3) and 30 healthy normal subjects were included. A comparison was made between CL and conventional methods. Diagnostic evaluation included: VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio, multimeric distribution (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]-agarose gel) of VWF and genetic analysis in 110 of 146 patients. CL and conventional methods revealed good correlation. Kappa test agreement diagnosis was >0.8. CL diagnostic sensitivity was 100% and specificity 97%. Multimeric and genetic analysis were of help in clarifying 13 discrepancies of diagnosis between methods, Midostaurin cell line of which six discrepancies were explained by lack of conventional methods′ sensibility. CL methodology can detect VWD and discriminate between type 1, 3 and variant forms and offers an automated, faster, sensitive and less cumbersome method when compared to conventional assays, in particular VWF:RCo by aggregometry. In some cases, even with all phenotype and genetic analyses, discrepancies

exist in the classification of VWD. “
“Summary.  After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man-induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections MCE公司 in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue.

These results are interesting not only because they describe the effective use of illicit drugs in cluster headache, but also because no other medication has been reported to terminate a cluster period. Furthermore, the drugs were effective at subhallucinogenic doses and effective treatment required very few doses of either drug. LSD reportedly terminated cluster Saracatinib purchase periods after only 1 dose, and psilocybin rarely required more than 3 doses. The study was unblinded, uncontrolled and limited by recall and selection bias.

However, further research on the effects of LSD and psilocybin on cluster headaches may be warranted, given the efficacy described in this report. Behavioral treatments are divided into the categories of CBT and biobehavioral training (BFB, relaxation training). Physical treatments are not as well defined but generally include acupuncture, cervical manipulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), occlusal adjustment, physical therapy, massage, chiropractic therapy, and osteopathic manipulation. Ipatasertib Oxygen therapy is included in this section

as well. Patient education is a crucial part of any of these modalities. In 2000, the US Headache Consortium issued evidence-based guidelines for the treatment and management of migraine headache, based on a review of the medical literature and expert consensus.96 According to these guidelines, behavioral and physical treatments may be particularly beneficial in patients with one or more of the following characteristics: patient preference for non-pharmacological interventions; Behavioral Treatments Behavioral medicine involves the integration of behavioral,

psychosocial, and biomedical disciplines in the diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of illness. The interactions of behavior with biology and the environment are studied and taken into consideration in the treatment and understanding of diseases and disorders. Migraine and other primary headache disorders are particularly well suited to the 上海皓元 practice of behavioral medicine, in that complex relationships between biology, environment, behavior, cognition, and emotion are known to affect the course of the disorder. Once behavioral treatments and techniques are learned, patients can utilize their skills in recognizing and mediating the effects of stress at any time and in any context. Behavioral treatments have become standard components of multidisciplinary treatment plans at headache centers and pain management programs as guidelines, such as those published by the US Headache Consortium,96 established that they may be considered as treatment options for migraine prevention.

These results are interesting not only because they describe the effective use of illicit drugs in cluster headache, but also because no other medication has been reported to terminate a cluster period. Furthermore, the drugs were effective at subhallucinogenic doses and effective treatment required very few doses of either drug. LSD reportedly terminated cluster Copanlisib purchase periods after only 1 dose, and psilocybin rarely required more than 3 doses. The study was unblinded, uncontrolled and limited by recall and selection bias.

However, further research on the effects of LSD and psilocybin on cluster headaches may be warranted, given the efficacy described in this report. Behavioral treatments are divided into the categories of CBT and biobehavioral training (BFB, relaxation training). Physical treatments are not as well defined but generally include acupuncture, cervical manipulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), occlusal adjustment, physical therapy, massage, chiropractic therapy, and osteopathic manipulation. Torin 1 clinical trial Oxygen therapy is included in this section

as well. Patient education is a crucial part of any of these modalities. In 2000, the US Headache Consortium issued evidence-based guidelines for the treatment and management of migraine headache, based on a review of the medical literature and expert consensus.96 According to these guidelines, behavioral and physical treatments may be particularly beneficial in patients with one or more of the following characteristics: patient preference for non-pharmacological interventions; Behavioral Treatments Behavioral medicine involves the integration of behavioral,

psychosocial, and biomedical disciplines in the diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention of illness. The interactions of behavior with biology and the environment are studied and taken into consideration in the treatment and understanding of diseases and disorders. Migraine and other primary headache disorders are particularly well suited to the 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 practice of behavioral medicine, in that complex relationships between biology, environment, behavior, cognition, and emotion are known to affect the course of the disorder. Once behavioral treatments and techniques are learned, patients can utilize their skills in recognizing and mediating the effects of stress at any time and in any context. Behavioral treatments have become standard components of multidisciplinary treatment plans at headache centers and pain management programs as guidelines, such as those published by the US Headache Consortium,96 established that they may be considered as treatment options for migraine prevention.

2 mg/mL). Cells were allowed to adhere at 37°C for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes, then washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). MTT was added to each well and incubated for another 4 hours. The number of adherent cells was estimated by reading the absorbance at a wavelength of 570 nm.30 For in vivo metastasis assays, 5 × 106 QGY-7703 and 1 × 107 HepG2 cells (stably transfected with pcDNA3-pri-10a, pRNAT-U6.2/Lenti-anti-miR-10a, and their control vectors) were suspended in 40 μL of serum-free RPMI 1640 / Matrigel (1:1) for each mouse. Each nude mouse (10

in each group, female BALB/c-nu/nu at 5-6 weeks of age) was inoculated in the upper pole of the spleen with a microsyringe under anesthesia. After 6 or 8 weeks mice were sacrificed and their spleens and livers were harvested and fixed with phosphate-buffered Neratinib manufacturer neutral formalin and prepared for standard histological examination. All studies were performed under the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care guidelines for humane treatment of animals and adhered to national and international standards. In these two assays, polyclonal rabbit antihuman EphA4 and E-Cadherin (Saierbio, Tianjin, China) were used. Details are in the Supporting Information. Data are presented as the mean

± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analyses were performed using a paired t test to compare data. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. To determine whether miR-10a had an effect on the malignant Palbociclib purchase phenotype of HCC cells, we constructed an miR-10a expression plasmid (pcDNA3-pri-10a, pri-miR-10a) and validated the efficiency of pri-miR-10a and ASO-miR-10a (Supporting Fig. 1). QGY-7703 and HepG2 cells were then transfected with them or their respective controls to explore their effects on the cancer cells. MTT or colony formation assays showed no significant differences in cell viability or proliferation

when miR-10a was overexpressed or blocked (Supporting Fig. 2). However, in transwell assays the migration (Fig. 1A) and invasion (Fig. 1B) capacities of QGY-7703 and HepG2 cells transfected with pri-miR-10a were increased by ∼1.6- to 2.5-fold. MCE公司 ASO-miR-10a reduced these capacities by ∼50%-70% when compared with the controls. The representative images are shown in Supporting Fig. 3. These data indicated that miR-10a promoted both the migration and invasion of HCC cells. We also detected the expression level of miR-10a in HCC cell lines, QGY-7703, HepG2, PLC-PRF-5, and Hep3B (Supporting Fig. 4), and found that the expression of miR-10a was highest in HCC cell PLC-PRF-5, whereas it was lowest in the low-invasive cell line Hep3B. The expression level of miR-10a in QGY-7703 was higher than in HepG2 cells. This result suggested that miR-10a was positively related to the invasion of HCC cells. We next explored the role of miR-10a in HCC metastasis in vivo.

13 In addition to its antimalarial activity, FQ also shows an antiviral effect against SARS coronavirus infection.14 This prompted us to test whether FQ exhibits an antiviral activity against HCV. Our data show that FQ inhibits HCV infection at a half-maximal effective concentration below 1 μM by blocking virus entry at the fusion step. FQ was synthesized as previously described.11, 14 CQ, IFN-α, heparin, and brefeldin A were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis). FQ was prepared as 1-mM stock solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). CQ was prepared as 1-mM stock solutions in water. Boceprevir was kindly provided by Philippe Halfon (Hôpital Ambroise Paré,

Marseille, France). CellTracker Cobimetinib supplier Green CMFDA (5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate) was from Invitrogen Molecular Probes (Carlsbad, CA). Huh-7 cells,15 HEK-293T cells (ATCC CRL-11268),

HeLa cells (ATCC CCL-2), and RFP-NLS-IPS-Huh7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented R788 with 10% of heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cells (MDBK; ATCC CCL-22) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with GlutaMAX I and 10% horse serum. Drug toxicity on Huh-7 cells was evaluated using the MTS assay, following the recommendations of the manufacturer (Promega, Madison, WI). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) anti-HCV E1 glycoprotein (A4),16 anti-HCV E2 glycoprotein (3/11; kindly provided by J. McKeating, University of Birmingham, UK)(17),17 anti–yellow fever virus (YFV) envelope protein (2D12) (ATCC CRL-1689),

anti–bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) NS3 protein (Osc-23),18 anti-NS5A antibody (Ab) (AUSTRAL Biologicals, San Ramon, CA), and anti-CD81 mAb JS-81 CD81 about (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) were used in this study. Cy3-, Alexa 488- and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated secondary Abs were from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA), Invitrogen, and BD Pharmingen, respectively. To produce cell-cultured HCV (HCVcc), we used a modified version of the plasmid encoding Japanese fulminant hepatitis type 1 (JFH-1) genome (genotype 2a; GenBank access no.: AB237837), kindly provided by T. Wakita (National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan).19 Briefly, HCVcc was produced in Huh-7 cells electroporated with in vitro–transcribed RNA of JFH-1 containing (JFH-1/Luc) or not, the Renilla luciferase reporter gene, and engineered to express A4 epitope20 and titer-enhancing mutations.21 JFH-1 stocks were produced by further amplification in Huh-7 cells. In the JFH-1/Luc construct, the Renilla luciferase gene is fused with the viral open reading frame in a monocistronic configuration. With this virus, we verified that our luciferase data were in the linear range of the assay.

After liver transplantation (LT), 2 patients presented a reversible recurrence find protocol of the liver disease. In improved patients, median PT nadir values was 31.5% (16-50%). In one of these patients, a recurrence of the liver disease was observed. The overal survival and the survival after LT were 80% respectively. Patients with both PT <40% at Day 0 and a rising of PT superior to 20% at Day 1 improved significantly (p:0.012). Corticosteroids therapy was not significatively associated with a spontaneous improvement. Conclusion: Prognosis of patients with ALF related DRESS sd is poor. Corticosteroid therapy doesn't improve the spontaneous prognosis. The rising

of PT at D 1 (superior to 20% of Day 0 PT) is predictif of spontaneous improvement. Disclosures: Faouzi Saliba – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Novartis, Roche, Genzyme, Vital therapies; Grant/Research Support: Astellas; Speaking and Teaching: Schering Plough, Gambro, MSD, Gilead Francois Durand – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Astellas, Novartis; Speaking and Teaching: Gilead Didier Samuel – Consulting: Astellas, BMS, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, LFB, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Biotest The following people have nothing to disclose:

Philippe Ichai, Camille Besch, Catherine Guettier, Claire Francoz, Laurence Valeyrie-Allanore, Sylvie Rouss-in-Bretagne, Olivier Roux, Alexia Letierce, Florent Artru, Marc Boudon, Teresa Maria Antonini Optimising per cell performance is key to defining a regenerative medicine therapeutic, eg in the biomass function for a bioartificial liver machine. Current

methods require direct cell counting, are destructive and introduce Opaganib purchase the possibility of contamination, a serious concern for any cell therapy: Aim: To develop a non-invasive methodology to quantify cell numbers in 3D cultures. HepG2 cells encapsulated in alginate were grown in MEM containing 10% FBS and 24.9mM glucose in fluidised bed 100L bioreactors (n=9) Cell numbers were enu merated with a nucleocounter, counting nuclei after Propidium iodide staining. Alginate encapsulated cell spheroids harvested after 12 days, were analysed for glucose and lactate using glucose and lactate oxidases. Viabilities were determined using Fluorescein diacetate (alive) and Propidium Iodide (dead). The QGL (cumulative science flux of glucose and lactate combined) and integrated variable cell count (IVCC :million cells-day = (xt +xt–1)/2*Δt + IVCDt–1 were determined and correlated with cell number. There was a linear correlation between cell number and cumulative flux (QGL), and between QGL and IVCC, and IVCC and cell number that enabled determination of a relationship between IVCC and cell number independent of culture conditions (Figure 1). The slopes were constant during cell proliferation. Correlations of cumulative flux vs. cell number within each experiment were always greater than r2= 0.95; correlations of IVCC vs cell number were always greater than 0.98.

After liver transplantation (LT), 2 patients presented a reversible recurrence http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd3965.html of the liver disease. In improved patients, median PT nadir values was 31.5% (16-50%). In one of these patients, a recurrence of the liver disease was observed. The overal survival and the survival after LT were 80% respectively. Patients with both PT <40% at Day 0 and a rising of PT superior to 20% at Day 1 improved significantly (p:0.012). Corticosteroids therapy was not significatively associated with a spontaneous improvement. Conclusion: Prognosis of patients with ALF related DRESS sd is poor. Corticosteroid therapy doesn't improve the spontaneous prognosis. The rising

of PT at D 1 (superior to 20% of Day 0 PT) is predictif of spontaneous improvement. Disclosures: Faouzi Saliba – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Novartis, Roche, Genzyme, Vital therapies; Grant/Research Support: Astellas; Speaking and Teaching: Schering Plough, Gambro, MSD, Gilead Francois Durand – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Astellas, Novartis; Speaking and Teaching: Gilead Didier Samuel – Consulting: Astellas, BMS, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, LFB, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Biotest The following people have nothing to disclose:

Philippe Ichai, Camille Besch, Catherine Guettier, Claire Francoz, Laurence Valeyrie-Allanore, Sylvie Rouss-in-Bretagne, Olivier Roux, Alexia Letierce, Florent Artru, Marc Boudon, Teresa Maria Antonini Optimising per cell performance is key to defining a regenerative medicine therapeutic, eg in the biomass function for a bioartificial liver machine. Current

methods require direct cell counting, are destructive and introduce Sirolimus molecular weight the possibility of contamination, a serious concern for any cell therapy: Aim: To develop a non-invasive methodology to quantify cell numbers in 3D cultures. HepG2 cells encapsulated in alginate were grown in MEM containing 10% FBS and 24.9mM glucose in fluidised bed 100L bioreactors (n=9) Cell numbers were enu merated with a nucleocounter, counting nuclei after Propidium iodide staining. Alginate encapsulated cell spheroids harvested after 12 days, were analysed for glucose and lactate using glucose and lactate oxidases. Viabilities were determined using Fluorescein diacetate (alive) and Propidium Iodide (dead). The QGL (cumulative (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate flux of glucose and lactate combined) and integrated variable cell count (IVCC :million cells-day = (xt +xt–1)/2*Δt + IVCDt–1 were determined and correlated with cell number. There was a linear correlation between cell number and cumulative flux (QGL), and between QGL and IVCC, and IVCC and cell number that enabled determination of a relationship between IVCC and cell number independent of culture conditions (Figure 1). The slopes were constant during cell proliferation. Correlations of cumulative flux vs. cell number within each experiment were always greater than r2= 0.95; correlations of IVCC vs cell number were always greater than 0.98.