The technology transfer solution agreed by both parties Pexidartinib – in addition to addressing logistic, time and financial constraints – comprised oversight of the production plant design and selection of equipment (partly produced in Brazil), supervision of the construction of the plant and its validation, as well as assistance in the selection of an adequate source of eggs and training of senior staff. The Ministry of Health, under an agreement concluded with Butantan in 2004, provided US$ 10 million to purchase the basic equipment, and the State of São Paulo Office of Health agreed to fund the construction of the plant, estimated at US$ 20 million. Significant delays

were incurred because of a legal challenge during the tender process, difficulties experienced by the construction company, and the emergence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza. The latter required Butantan to upgrade its containment facilities and to identify and implement a technical solution to process residual egg shells and chicken embryos so that they could not be used for animal feed. The cost of the

plant thus increased to US$ 35 million. PI3K inhibitor As with its other non-live vaccines, Butantan intends to transfer the monovalent inactivated bulk vaccine produced in the new production plant to its central formulation and filling plants. Two filling lines – one automated and the other manual – can sterilize, fill, cap, label and control 26 000 vials per hour. To save on transport and cold-room storage, each fill-finished vial will contain 10 doses. Sanofi Pasteur fulfilled all the terms of the technology transfer agreement, including the provision of expert advice, site visits and training for key staff. Sanofi experts were also instrumental in overseeing the building of a large additional fertilized egg production farm near of to Butantan. In September 2010, after final validation by sanofi pasteur, the influenza production plant was ready for production. Starting

from 2011, Butantan intends to produce 20–25 million doses of trivalent southern hemisphere seasonal vaccine per year. The development and registration of an adjuvanted formulation would allow for the production of significantly more vaccine, as reported below. This is particularly important in view of the fact that non-adjuvanted H5N1 split inactivated influenza vaccine is poorly immunogenic and requires immunization of vaccines twice with very high doses of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen (90 μg compared to 15 μg for seasonal vaccine). In order to alleviate this problem – i.e. to “spare” antigen in case of a pandemic and maximize the number of persons who can be immunized – multinational vaccine manufacturers have developed much more immunogenic H5N1 adjuvanted vaccine formulations.

Of these 290 (61%) parents or carers completed the Vaxtracker online survey at day 3 following Pictilisib the first dose of IIV with 134 (47%) of those went on to complete the final survey at day 43 (Fig. 3). Most respondents to the online survey were aged between 5 years and 9 years 11 months (55%), 32% were aged between 2 and 5 years and 12% aged less than 2 years.

53% of respondents were males (n = 154). The mean number of days from sending the web survey link to completion of the survey dispatched on day 3 was 3.33 days (n = 290). The mean number of days from sending web survey link to completion of the final 42 day survey was 2.01 days (n = 120). Survey completion rates were highest when both email and mobile phone contact details were provided (n = 35, 74%) compared

to email (n = 135, selleck compound 58%) or mobile phone (n = 120, 60%) alone. Among the 477 participants, Vaxigrip (Sanofi) (n = 334) was the most commonly administered IIV, followed by Fluarix (GlaxoSmithKline) (n = 78), Influvac (Abbott) (n = 59), Vaxigrip Junior (Sanofi) (n = 4) and Agrippal (Novartis) (n = 2). Eighteen percent of respondents in the day three survey (52/290) reported any reaction following dose 1 across all IIV brands, three of whom reported receipt of another vaccine within one week of IIV administration. Over-all 8% of respondents (23/290) experienced a local reaction and 3% (8/290) reported fever. When considering specific IIV brands, Vaxtracker found a higher rate of all reported reactions following Vaxigrip/Vaxigrip jnr (21.5% (95% CI: 16.0–27.0%); n = 46/214) compared to all the other inactivated vaccine brands administered to participants (7.9% (95% CI: 1.8–14.0%); from n = 6/76, p = 0.0079) ( Table 1). However for fever there was no significant difference between Vaxigrip/Vaxigrip jnr (2.8% (95% CI: 0.6–5.0%); n = 6/214) and the other brands of IIV (2.6% (95% CI: 0.0–6.2%); n = 2/76, p = 0.9270). Participants who had received an IIV in the previous year also appeared to have

a higher rate of reactions than participants who did not (25.8% versus13.2% respectively). The odds of having a reaction for those who had IIV last year compared to those who did not is 1.95 (p = 0.036) when controlling for vaccine type, gender and age. Of the 134 respondents who completed the final survey, three (2.2%) reported a hospitalisation in the 42 day period following vaccination which triggered an email alert and clinical review on all three occasions. However, on clinical review each hospitalisation episode was determined to be unrelated to vaccination (two asthmatic children had experienced asthma attacks and one child had suffered a fracture following an accident). The Vaxtracker surveillance system found an intriguing difference in adverse event reaction rates between influenza vaccine brands in this cohort of children.

15 In conclusion, the present experimental findings C59 wnt in vivo thus, justify the use of the leaves of P. americana as an anti-spastic agent by the traditional medicine practitioners. The author has none to declare. “
“Liver is the major organ responsible for drug metabolism and appears to be a sensitive target site for

substances modulating biotransformation. Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, excess consumption of alcohol, drugs and infections. Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative stress in liver.1 Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that is considered to be relatively safe when taken at therapeutic doses. At higher doses, it produces liver damage in human, which results from hepatic antioxidant oxidation of Acetaminophen to a toxic intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. 2 Caralluma umbellate Haw. (Asclepiadaceae) is a leafless, succulent perennial herb distributed throughout

Tamil Nadu. Stem juice warmed and mixed with turmeric powder is given in stomach disorders and abdominal pains. 3C. umbellata is found to possess potential bioactive principles such as pregnane glycosides viz., carumbellosides-I and –II carumbellosides-III, -IV and -V and a known flavone glycoside, i.e. luteolin-4%-O-neohesperidoside has been reported by Ramesh et al. 3 This flavone glycoside possesses this website potent antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. 3 The present study has been focused to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential and antioxidant role of ethanolic

extract of C. umbellata against APAP induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The whole plants of C. umbellate were collected from Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu, India during January, 2009. The fine grained plant materials (100 g) were extracted with 600 ml of ethanol (1:6 w/v) by maceration at room temperature. The extract was then filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper, concentrated in vacuum at 40 °C using a rotary evaporator and kept at 4 °C until use. Male albino Wister rats (150–170 g) were used throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages Etomidate with sterile, inert husk materials as bedding. The experimental animals were maintained under controlled environment conditions of light and dark cycle (light 12 h: dark 12 h, temperature 23 ± 2 °C and relative humidity 55 ± 10%). Animals were allowed to take standard laboratory feed and tap water. The experimental animal protocols were approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Sri Krishnadevaraya University at Anantapur, India (Reg. No. 25/1/99/AWD). The animals were first adapted in animal room and then grouped into four groups, six in each.

tb infection [31], although with respect to IL-4 some mouse models do not provide a good model of

human immunopathology [32]. It is possible that the TH2 cytokine responses and the IL-10 responses do not simply reflect a regulation of the IFNγ responses, but may also reflect that there is a polyclonal response of mixed T cell populations, and some of the IL-10 measured may be produced by fully differentiated TH1 T cells [33] and [34]. In Malawian infants, a smaller increase in TH1 cytokines has been seen following BCG vaccination than in the UK [6], and one hypothesis for this is that there may be suppression/immunoregulation by TH2 cytokines and/or by T regulatory cells and IL-10. We found a significant increase in TH2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and also in the regulatory cytokine IL-10 BGB324 following BCG vaccination in UK infants who we presume made an immune response to BCG that was protective against the disseminated childhood forms of TB. The high levels of TH2 cytokines seen in the UK vaccinated infants may have been produced in Gefitinib concentration response to the high levels of IFNγ produced, in order to regulate the IFNγ response. IL-5 and IL-13 both correlated positively with the IFNγ response in vaccinated infants, but the correlation between the IL-10 and IFNγ response was weak and negative. There was stronger evidence

of a negative association between pro-inflammatory responses and IL-10 when all pro-inflammatory responses were added together, possibly suggesting that IL-10 regulates the entire pro-inflammatory cytokine profile. Chemokines have been shown to be important in immunity to tuberculosis [35], particularly in cellular trafficking for granuloma formation [36]. We found that the chemokines IL-8 (CXCL8), IP-10 (CXCL10) and MIP-1α (CCL3) were Bay 11-7085 all induced by BCG vaccination. The growth factors G-CSF and GM-CSF were also increased in

BCG vaccinated infants; GM-CSF has been shown to have many roles in immunity to TB such as inducing the generation and proliferation of cells such as macrophages, DCs and neutrophils, but also by acting to recruit leukocytes and to enhance APC function and may be necessary for optimum T cell immunity [37] and [38]. Principal components analysis was performed in order to reduce the dimensionality of the data, to attempt to summarise the overall pattern of response among the 15 cytokines. We summarised 68% of the total variation in the data by using just 2 components. These two components suggest that all 15 cytokines and chemokines measured are important, rather than just a particular subset, and that all 15 cytokines and chemokines are useful in describing the variation in immune response among individuals.

Participants were enrolled sequentially in three steps preceded by a safety review (Fig. 1). They were randomized see more (1:2:2:2:2:2:2, block size 4 [step 1], 7 [step 2] and 5 [step 3]) using a central internet randomization system (SBIR) to receive a two-dose primary vaccination series with one of six investigational vaccine formulations (GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) or a single dose of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23PPV; Pneumovax23™, Sanofi Pasteur

MSD) followed by placebo (150 mM NaCl) ( Fig. 1; supplementary methods). All vaccines and the placebo were administered intramuscularly into the deltoid region of the non-dominant arm. Two investigational vaccines contained 10 or 30 μg of dPly alone (dPly-10 and dPly-30, respectively). Two other formulations contained MDV3100 datasheet both dPly and PhtD, each at a dose of 10 μg (dPly/PhtD-10) or 30 μg (dPly/PhtD-30). The remaining two formulations contained the 10 PHiD-CV PS-conjugates (serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F) [18], in combination with 10 or 30 μg of both dPly and PhtD (PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10 and PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30).

Production of PhtD and dPly is described in supplementary methods. The control group received one dose of 23PPV, containing 25 μg of each capsular polysaccharide for pneumococcal serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F, and placebo (150 mM NaCl) as a second dose. Participants from the dPly/PhtD-10 and dPly/PhtD-30 groups were invited to participate in the booster vaccination study, to receive a booster dose 5–9 months after completion of the two-dose primary series. Solicited local and general symptoms were recorded during the 7-day post-vaccination period and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) during the 31-day post-vaccination period. Symptom intensity was graded on a scale of 1 (mild) to 3 (severe). Grade 3 symptoms were defined as follows: for redness or swelling, a diameter >50 mm; for fever, oral temperature >39.5 °C; and for all

other events, preventing normal activity. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded throughout the duration of each study, and were defined as any medical occurrence that resulted in death, disability or incapacity, was life-threatening, required Chlormezanone hospitalization, or any congenital anomaly or birth defect in the descendants of a study participant. Blood samples for immunogenicity assays were collected before primary and booster vaccination, and 1 month after each dose. Serum samples were stored at −20 °C until analysis at GlaxoSmithKline’s laboratory, Rixensart, Belgium and SGS laboratory, Wavre, Belgium. Antibodies were quantified using an in-house multiplex assay coated with protein D, Ply (non-detoxified) and PhtD (supplementary methods), with assay cut-offs of 112 LU/mL for anti-PD, 599 LU/mL for anti-Ply and 391 LU/mL for anti-PhtD.

Both prevalence and concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle feces are associated with beef contamination; occasionally cattle shed E. coli O157:H7

at high concentrations (e.g., >104 CFU/g of feces; hereafter “high shedders”) [6], [7] and [8]. Although few factors associated with shedding have been consistently observed, cattle shed more E. coli O157:H7 in summer than winter months [4], [9] and [10]. Dietary components also influence fecal shedding [4] and [9]. For instance, diets containing distillers grains (DG), a co-product of the ethanol industry, can increase E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding [9], DNA Synthesis inhibitor [11] and [12]. Since efficacy of pre-harvest interventions is most important during periods of high fecal shedding [13], data from studies of cattle fed DG-supplemented diets in the summer months are important. Two interventions that are commercially available in the United States and have demonstrated efficacy for reducing E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle are a siderophore receptor and porin (SRP) proteins-based vaccine and a Lactobacillus acidophilus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) [5] and [14]. This DFM includes a strain of L. acidophilus (NP51)

shown to have inhibitory effects on E. coli O157:H7 [10]. The vaccine uses SRP proteins as antigens so immunized animals produce Selleck 5FU anti-SRP antibodies that bind to outer membrane proteins of bacterial cells and block iron transport [15]. Although literature indicates potential benefits of these products, there is a need for additional data on efficacy in commercial settings [5] and [14]. Further, there are no data on concurrent use of these interventions. Therefore, our primary objective was to determine

the efficacy of intervention programs including the SRP vaccine, the DFM, or both products against fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in pens of commercial feedlot cattle fed a DG-supplemented finishing diet during the summer. A secondary objective was to evaluate impacts of intervention programs on cattle health and performance outcomes as compared to control cattle reared using standard practices. A commercial feedlot in Nebraska, USA was identified based on criteria that included: capacity to fill 40 pens Tolmetin with cattle on a finishing diet during summer, use of a finishing diet that included ≥25% DG, ability to feed the DFM, willingness to vaccinate cattle according to protocol, and ability to perform research. Individual cattle were eligible for inclusion if projected to be on a finishing diet during summer; with this feedlot’s management system, cattle had to be enrolled approximately 100 days prior to harvest of the first subset. Following a brief transition period, cattle were fed a finishing diet which included (dry matter basis): 46.4% high moisture corn, 25.0% wet DG, 17.0% corn gluten, 7.1% silage, 2.5% steep, and 2.

Additional assessments included PSA, creatinine measurement and transrectal ultrasound. There was a 42% improvement at 2 years in I-PSS from 21.8 ± 5.3 to 12.6 ± 7.2 (p <0.001) and 30% improvement in peak flow from 7.4 ± 2.2 to 10.3 ± 4.1 (p = 0.006). There was no significant change in PVR (baseline 54 ± 68 and followup 89 ± 104, p = 0.3). About half of the patients did not require a catheter postoperatively but of those who did, the catheter was removed the next day in three-quarters. In addition, there were no reports of anejaculation or retrograde

ejaculation. Erectile function was measured by SHIM (Sexual Health Inventory for Men) and was slightly Selleckchem BLU9931 improved from baseline. The most common side effects were irritative FK228 symptoms and hematuria which resolved within the first few weeks. A multinational evaluation of UroLift was conducted across 7 centers in 5 countries.5 Adverse events were mild to moderate, and most commonly were dysuria (25%), hematuria (16%) and urgency (10%) of short

durations. Three cases each of retention, urinary tract infection and orchitis were treated routinely and resolved. Furthermore, a sham study was performed in the U.S. on 206 men, of whom 144 underwent the procedure and 66 underwent a sham procedure. The procedure was done with the subjects under local anesthesia with oral sedation. At 1 year improvement in I-PSS was 10.9 (p <0.001) and improvement

in Qmax was 4.4 (p <0.001), with little change in erectile and ejaculatory function. The UroLift system received de novo approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration in Fall 2013, making it the first permanent approved implant to relieve symptoms due to urinary outflow obstruction secondary to BPH in men 50 years old or older.7 These initial data seem promising as we await the results of the multinational randomized trial comparing traditional electrosurgical transurethral resection of the prostate and the PUL procedure. Our initial 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase experience has been consistent with the published data, yet we do have concerns about its widespread applicability given potential issues with anesthesia and reimbursement. The UroLift system does require physician education to help with easy insertion and reproducibility. Furthermore, the device requires rigid cystoscopy in an awake male, which itself is a challenge. If these challenges are successfully met, PUL could be a useful tool in the armamentarium of urologists treating BPH. “
“Urology Practice will focus on clinical trends, challenges and practice applications in the four areas of Business, Health Policy, the Specialty and Patient Care.

The seeds are 1.5 mm in diameter (Fig.1a and b). The main differences are tabulated in Table 2. The non-polluted stem showed single layer of epidermis covered by thin cuticle and non glandular trichomes, hypodermis; 4–5 layers of collenchymatous cells, 4–5 layers of parenchymatous cortex; single layer of endodermis with casparian strip. Secondary vascular bundles are present in a ring and remain embedded in the prosenchyma (conjuctive tissue). Phloem is interxylary. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, open and endarch. Pith cells are polygonal with intercellular spaces (Fig. 2a). But in case

of polluted stem there were 5–6 layers of collenchyma, 5–6 layers of parenchyma whereas ruptured endodermis; phloem and cambium are in discontinuous manner. Vascular ABT-888 order Bosutinib bundles are smaller in size. Micro and rosette crystals are present in parenchymatous cells (Fig. 2b). Non-polluted leaf showed single layer of epidermis bearing glandular and non-glandular trichomes covered with cuticle. Stomata are anisocytic and anomocytic present on both the surfaces

of leaf and more frequent on lower surface 1–2 layers of collenchyma in the upper region and lower region, 4 vascular bundles in midrib and presence of micro and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate in parenchymatous cells. The stomatal index was found to be 18.12–19.75 on upper surface and 20.00–22.66 on lower surface in non-polluted leaves while in case of polluted plant samples stomatal index is 18.11–23.15 on upper surface and

18.03–22.25 on lower surface. Palisade ratio is lower in polluted leaves. Vein Islet Number and Vein Termination Number were higher in those plants which are colleted from polluted areas. Mesophyll is differentiated into 3–4 layers of palisade, Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2–3 layers of spongy parenchyma, (Fig. 3a and b). But the polluted leaf is isobilateral in nature containing 2–3 layers of collenchyma present in upper region and 1–3 layers of collenchyma in lower region. 7–9 layer of palisade with a duct and a continuous layer of rosette crystals of calcium oxalate Lamina. In polluted leaves the glandular trichomes and spongy parenchyma are absent (Fig. 3c & d). The result shows the presence of saponin, tannin, lignin, protein, carbohydrates, suberin, glucoside, flavin, and traces amount of oil and absence of alkaloids and sugars in both the cases. Degrees of changes in colour reaction tests are tabulated in Table 2. The numbers of spots are higher in non-polluted plant than the polluted plant (Fig. 4). Rf values of Chenopodium album Linn. were decreased in those plants which were collected from polluted areas, results are tabulated in Table 3. The percentage of water and alcoholic soluble extractives are lower whereas LOD, total ash, acid insoluble and sulphated ash are higher in polluted plant samples (Table 4).

To detect IFN-γ, or TNF-α by intracellular staining (ICS), cells were then washed twice in buffer containing PBS, 0.5% BSA, and 2 mM EDTA and then fixed and permeabilized for 20 min on ice with 100 μL Cytofix/Cytoperm (BD Pharmingen). After washing twice with 250 μL permwash buffer (BD Pharmingen), the cells were stained to detect intracellular markers using APC or PE-labeled anti-IFN-γ Everolimus ic50 (clone XMG1.2) and PE- labeled anti-TNF-α (clone MP6-XT22). Finally, cells were washed twice and

fixed in 1% PBS-paraformaldehyde. At least 300,000 events were acquired on a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer and then analyzed with FlowJo (Tree Star, Ashland, OR). Values are expressed as means ± SD. These values were compared using Oneway ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD tests (http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/VassarStats.html). The Logrank test was used to compare mouse survival rates after challenge with T. cruzi (http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/russell/logrank/).

The differences were considered significant when the Pictilisib research buy P value was <0.05. During experimental infection of H-2b inbred mouse strains with parasites of the Y strain of T. cruzi, epitopes VNHRFTLV and TsKb-20 (ANYKFTLV) are recognized by H-2Kb-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. In previous studies we have described that the first is the immunodominant epitope leading to a higher immune response and the second a sub-dominant epitope [10], [12] and [13]. After s.c. challenge with infective trypomastigote forms of the parasite, detailed analyses of the kinetics of peptide-specific immune responses were determined ex vivo by ELISPOT

and in vivo by cytotoxicity assays. At the indicated time points, spleen or LN cells were incubated in vitro with medium (control) or peptides (VNHRFTLV or TsKb-20). The Calpain number of peptide-specific IFN-γ secreting cells was determined by ELISPOT assay (13). Alternatively, at the indicated time points, target cells were labeled with CFSE and coated with peptides VNHRFTLV or TsKb-20 as described in Section 2. These cells were transferred to infected or naïve mice. Twenty hours later, spleen or LN cells were collected and the in vivo cytotoxicity estimated. The results showed that the effector peptide-specific immune cells developed at a similar rate in both the draining LN and the spleen (Fig. 1A–D). The main transition occurred from days 4 to12 in both organs, for both peptides. To determine the role of CD11c+ cells during the expansion/maturation phase of the adaptive immune response, we used transgenic mice expressing the DTR under control of the CD11c promoter. When infected mice were subjected to diphtheria toxin (DT), the peptide-specific immune response in their spleen 12 days after infection was severely compromised, as measured using the ELISPOT assay (Fig. 2). These results strongly suggest that CD11c+ cells are important for priming of peptide-specific cells following T. cruzi infection.

No significant differences in the expression levels of the major OMPs PorA (P1.7,16), PorB3 (serotype 15) and RmpM (Fig. 1) were found by scanning

densitometry. The ranges of the staining Navitoclax intensities of these protein bands in per cent of total band intensity were 18–24%, 25–33% and 15–20%, respectively. The level of Omp85 (range 4–6%) was also similar amongst these preparations. Two high molecular weight proteins (100 and 80 kDa just below Omp85, band intensity levels not determined) were more abundant in MC.6M OMVs, as was OpcA with an intensity range of 21–25% compared with 16–19% in FM OMVs (p = 0.008). Relative to the intensity of the PorA band, there was 1.6-fold more OpcA in the MC.6M OMVs than in those from FM (p = 0.021). The increased

OpcA level was not the result of slipped-strand mispairing upstream of the gene [29], as all six OMV batches were produced from bacteria with 13 cytidine residues between the −10 and −35 sequences of the OpcA promoter (data not shown). Batch-to-batch variations in both media were observed with respect to the level of expression of the iron-regulated protein FetA (range 1–8%). Scanning of the L3 and L8 LPS bands in silver-stained gels after loading equivalent amounts of OMV protein from the six batches showed higher levels of both bands in MC.6M OMVs (p < 0.005) compared with the FM OMVs. From the sum of L3 and L8 bands in reference LPS samples, applied in the same gel, the MC.6M OMVs contained 0.13 μg LPS/μg protein (range 0.12–0.16 μg LPS/μg protein) and the FM OMVs 0.09 μg LPS/μg protein (range 0.08–0.10 μg LPS/μg protein) These LPS values were similar to those NSC 683864 obtained with an HPLC assay on a pooled OMV sample (0.13 μg LPS/μg protein and 0.08 μg LPS/μg protein, respectively) [30]. The major OMPs in the OMVs, shown in Fig. 1, were confirmed by immunoblotting with a panel of specific antibodies. The higher expression of OpcA in MC.6 M OMVs relative to PorA was also confirmed by incubating

a blot with monoclonal antibodies to both PorA and OpcA. Bay 11-7085 Of the less abundant proteins, the 100 kDa protein was identified as the TonB-dependent protein H (TdfH). TbpA and DsbA1 were present in all OMV batches, while levels of NspA were somewhat higher in OMVs produced in MC.6M. The OpaB128 and OpaJ129 proteins [31] were present in all batches. LbpB was only detectable in two of the three MC.6M OMVs batches. Mice immunized with 2.0 μg of MC.6M OMVs, adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide, had significantly higher serum IgG levels in ELISA (p = 0.0002) than those receiving the 0.5 μg dose ( Fig. 2A). There was no significant difference between the IgG levels induced by the 2.0 μg dose of the MC.6M and FM OMV vaccines. Comparison of 0.5 and 2.0 μg doses of the FM OMV vaccine, performed in a separate animal experiment, also showed a significant dose response (p = 0.0004) with this vaccine (data not shown).