In vitro skin permeation using Franz cells was performed. Levels of skin water loss and erythema were evaluated, and histological examinations with staining by hematoxylin and eosin, cyclooxygenase-2, and claudin-1 were carried out. Significant signs of erythema, edema,

check details and scaling of the skin treated with the fractional laser were evident. Inflammatory infiltration and a reduction in tight junctions were also observed. Laser treatment at 6 mJ increased tetracycline and tretinoin fluxes by 70- and 9-fold, respectively. A higher fluence resulted in a greater tetracycline flux, but lower skin deposition. On the other hand, tretinoin skin deposition increased following an increase in the laser fluence. The fractional laser exhibited a negligible Etomoxir supplier effect on modulating oxybenzone absorption. Dextrans with molecular weights of 4 and 10 kDa showed increased fluxes from 0.05 to 11.05 and 38.54 mu g/cm(2)/h, respectively. The optimized drug dose for skin treated with the fractional laser was 1/70-1/60 of the regular dose. The skin histology and drug absorption had recovered to a normal status within 2-3 days. Our findings provide the first report on risk assessment of excessive skin absorption after fractional laser resurfacing.”
“A two-stage technology for bacterial and chemical leaching of nonferrous metals in a specifically designed laboratory unit has been proposed. At the first stage of leaching, ferric iron formed during

the second stage of oxidation of Fe2+ ions by mesophilic chemolithotrophic microorganisms was used. The optimal parameters of the first stage of the process (flow rate, temperature, and the process duration) were 2 l/h, 75A degrees C, and 24 h, respectively. The results of testing of the two-stage technology for leaching copper-zinc raw materials indicated that the

depth of zinc and copper leaching can be increased from 70 to 93% and from 40 to 58.8%, respectively, and the process duration can be reduced from 120 to 24 h as compared to the commonly used one-stage technology.”
“Objectives: Some haemodialysis patients with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) suffer from chronic hand ischaemia (haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia, HAIDI). This overview discusses pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic HAIDI with emphasis on the role of steal and loco-regional hypotension.

Materials and methods: The literature GSK923295 clinical trial obtained from Medline and Google using various terms including steal and hand ischaemia was studied for clues on pathophysiology of hand ischaemia in the presence of an AVF.

Results: Constructing an arteriovenous anastomosis as in a haemodialysis access leads to augmented blood flows in arm arteries. Due to increased shear stress, these arteries will remodel while hand perfusion pressures are maintained. However, arteries of some dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus and/or severe arteriosclerosis demonstrate insufficient remodelling leading to a gradual loss of perfusion pressures towards the periphery.