The nonstructural NSs protein is the primary IFN antagonist encoded by Bunyamwera virus (BUNV), the prototype of the Orthobunyavirus genus

and the family Bunyaviridae. The NSs protein interferes with RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription, thereby inhibiting cellular mRNA production, including IFN mRNAs. A selleck recombinant virus, rBUNdelNSs, that is unable to express the NSs protein does not inhibit cellular transcription and is a strong IFN inducer. We report here that cells stimulated into the antiviral state by IFN-beta treatment were protected against wild-type BUNV and rBUNdelNSs infection but addition of IFN-beta after infection had little effect on the replication cycle of either virus. By screening a panel of cell lines that overexpressed individual IFN-stimulated genes, we found that protein kinase click here R (PKR), MTAP44, and particularly viperin appreciably restricted BUNV replication. The enzymatic activities of PKR and viperin were required for their inhibitory activities. Taken together, our data show that the restriction of BUNV replication mediated by IFN is an accumulated effect of at least three IFN-stimulated genes that probably act on different stages of the viral replication cycle.”
“Previous studies have

shown that lesions of the peripheral vestibular system result in electrophysiological dysfunction in the hippocampus. Given the importance of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the hippocampus, it was predicted that bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) would alter the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptors in this area of the brain. However, the results of studies conducted to date are inconsistent. In this study, we performed principal component analysis (PCA) on the expression of the NR1, NR2B, GluR1, GluR2 and GluR3 glutamate receptor subunits, as well as calmodulin kinase II alpha. (CaMKII alpha) and phosphorylated CaMKII alpha (pCaMKII alpha),

in the rat CM, CA2/3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampus, at 6 months following BVD, using western blotting. The expressions of the different Florfenicol glutamate receptor subunits, in terms of NMDA versus AMPA receptor subunits, as well as CaMKII alpha and pCaMKII alpha, were tightly correlated, and this was shown again the loading plots. However, the pattern of the contributions of each protein to the first 2 principal components appeared to be inverted for the BVD group compared to the sham group. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Long-term changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as a result of early life stress could be related to the development of substance use disorders during adulthood.