Regarding the histomorphometric findings, no significant statistical difference was found between groups in terms of

bone to implant contact (%BIC) and the amount of bone located adjacent to the threads of the mini-implant (%BA), regardless of the different loading times (Table 4). In general, the areas under tension and compression (Table 5) along with maxillary and mandibular insertion sites (Table 6) also presented no differences regarding %BIC and %BA. The finding that low-intensity immediate or early orthodontic static loads did not affect mini-implant stability is in agreement with other studies.9, 19 and 25 Even so, bone formation at the areas of tension and compression remains controversial. In accordance with our findings (Table 5), some authors9, 16 and 29 observed no differences Trametinib price between the compression and tension sides of the mini-implants. To the contrary, Büchter et al.28 and Wehrbein et al.30 affirmed that bone deposition in compression areas could be influenced by different force magnitude. Concerning the comparison between the two jaws, Zhang et al.31 affirmed that mini-implants in the mandible obtained higher initial stability, and over time the maxilla could provide better eventual stability

for mini-implants than the mandible. In the current study, this pattern was not observed between the two jaws. The present results showed that Dapagliflozin manufacturer different loading time point, areas of interest (compression and tension) and location of insertion (maxilla and mandible) did not affect mini-implant stability. However, the extrapolation of these results to clinical situations should be carried out with caution because the use of animals has a disadvantage in that they are never uniform in physiological traits, which can cause wide inter-animal variation in the data, as confirmed in the present study. These wide variations were observed both for the loaded and unloaded mini-implants.

Thus, low-intensity immediate or early orthodontic loads did not affect mini-implant stability, since similar histomorphometric Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase results were observed for all the groups. Histomorphometric analysis revealed only partial osseointegration of the mini-implants, the nature of which was similar across groups. Partial osseointegration of such mini-implants is a desirable characteristic of devices used temporarily to provide anchorage during orthodontic treatment. Funding: National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq). Competing interests: We do not have a significant financial or professional interest in any company, product, or service mentioned in the article.