Imports for non-commercial purposes, e.g. exchange between zoos or export for scientific purposes, over this
period involved <700 live individuals and are excluded here. Numbers of dendrobatid frogs in international zoos and aquariums (excluding hybrids) were retrieved from the International Species Information System website (https://app.isis.org/) listing collection information from its 735 institutional members (zoos, Saracatinib aquariums, and other zoological collections). Systematics of poison arrow frogs is a field in motion, with seemingly ever-changing genus and species names; for consistency we followed the taxonomy as used in the WCMC-CITES database which is based on Frost (2004) and Brown et al. (2006). Definitions in this paper follow those of CITES (2009): ‘captive-bred’ refers to at least second generation offspring of parents bred in a controlled captive environment (or first generation offspring from a facility that is managed in a manner that has been demonstrated to be capable of reliably producing second-generation offspring in a controlled environment); ‘F1 captive-bred’ refers to specimens born in captivity
to wild-caught parents and that are not considered as captive selleck bred under CITES; ‘ranch-raised’ refers to specimens either directly removed from the wild and reared in a controlled environment or progeny from gravid females captured from the wild; ‘wild-caught’ refers to specimens that originate from the wild. While we know to which country specimens are imported, and for what purposes, we do not have information who are the individuals or organisations behind the imports; therefore ‘country MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit X imports….’ is shorthand for ‘traders or other
individuals or institutions operating in country X import….’ and does not necessary imply that it is the government or government institutions of country X that does the importing. Results From 2004 to 2008, a total of 32 species were reported to CITES as being commercially traded, totalling 63,165 specimens of live dendrobatid frogs of four genera, i.e. Dendrobates, Phyllobates, Epipedobates and Cryptophyllobates (Table 1). For all but one species (E. trivittatus), the majority of individuals was reported as captive-bred, with all imports for 21 species declared as originating from captive-bred sources (captive-bred and F1 captive born). Seven species are ranched in relatively small numbers (mainly in Panama and Peru) and imports of five species include wild-caught individuals (from Guyana, Panama and Suriname).