, C. divergens, and Serratia Bleomycin cell line spp. For detecting these species, they and others (Ercolini et al., 2006) were combining culture-based and molecular approaches such as PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

based on 16S rRNA gene amplification and pyrosequencing to enhance the understanding of the populations of spoilage bacteria. Because above-mentioned molecular methods are widely exploited for the characterization of fermented foods (Ercolini, 2004; Casaburi et al., 2011), it is only in some cases optimized to monitor the microbiota and its changes during storage in meat (Ercolini et al., 2006; Fontana et al., 2006; Diez et al., 2008). Therefore, we used the benefits of combining two methods, culturing and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the isolated bacteria, to enhance the detection of microbial diversity in foods. Because fresh meat is easily contaminated by the slaughtering process, thus serving as substrate for different spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, it harbors a nonnegligible health risk for all end consumers. The question arose whether our identified meat juice microbiota of 23 bacterial species from ten different taxonomic families contains food poisoning-related bacteria and opportunistic bacterial pathogens. Typical food poisoning bacteria identified from meat products such as Salmonella spp., AZD6738 in vivo enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp.,

Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus (Kajikazawa, et al.,

2007) have not been detected in our samples, possibly because in fresh meat juice, these species, if any are present, might be in very low concentrations. Vitamin B12 Besides S. grimesii and Serrtia proteamaculans (Kajikazawa, et al., 2007), a further opportunistic food-borne pathogen, S. equorum, residing the skin of human and animals, was detected in our meat juice samples. Depending on handling, these observations support the hazardous potential of meat juice for the end consumer. In general, the striking analogy of the microbiota of meat with meat juice offers useful opportunities for detecting the bacterial load and diversity by industrial implementation; for example, developing a package integrated sensor grading the bacterial contamination of meat juice. We thank Melisa Heber, TN, USA for critical editing of the manuscript. “
“Staphylococcus aureus contains three members of the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family of membrane proteins: MsrR, SA0908 and SA2103. The characterization of single-, double- and triple-deletion mutants revealed distinct phenotypes for each of the three proteins. MsrR was involved in cell separation and septum formation and influenced β-lactam resistance; SA0908 protected cells from autolysis; and SA2103, although displaying no apparent phenotype by itself, enhanced the properties of msrR and sa0908 mutants when deleted. The deletion of sa0908 and sa2103 also further attenuated the virulence of msrR mutants in a nematode-killing assay.