We chose to keep the concentration of LOX-1 vector the same (1×1010 pfu/ml) and supplement it with an equal concentration of LOXIN vector. As the total concentration of virus was double, a separate control group was used with 2×1010 pfu/ml RAd66 (Fig. 2). Carotid arteries

transduced by LOX-1 and LOXIN together show no difference in plaque coverage compared to the high-dose RAd66 control (62% vs. 60%). Hence co-expression of LOXIN with LOX-1 abolishes its atherogenic effect. Again, a trend towards greater plaque coverage was observed in the high-dose RAd66 group compared to vehicle alone (30% vs. 60%; P=.09), presumably due to adenovirus-induced inflammation of the vessel wall. The higher dose of RAd66 produced a small nonsignificant increase in atherogenic effect Obeticholic Acid chemical structure compared to the lower dose (60% vs. 50%). We demonstrated here for the first time the ability

of endothelial LOX-1 overexpression to promote atherogenesis in the common carotid artery of hyperlipidemic ApoE−/− mice. This amplifies the conclusions from LOX-1-null mice where the function of LOX-1 is deleted in other cell types, including macrophage and smooth muscle cells. LOX-1 is MAPK Inhibitor Library up-regulated in nondiseased but atheroprone arterial sites in hyperlipidemic rabbits, in addition to early atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits and humans [2] and [19]. The experiments performed here suggest that endothelial LOX-1 expression may have pathological consequences and is not simply a passive marker of disturbed flow in atheroprone vascular sites. We have also demonstrated experimentally for Calpain the first time in an in vivo model that LOXIN is capable of inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis that is induced by LOX-1 overexpression.

This is in keeping with the human data, which shows that SNPs that increase LOXIN expression are linked to a lower event rate of acute coronary syndromes [14]. The interpretation of the LOXIN-alone group is difficult, as the overexpression of LOXIN in the absence of LOX-1 is an unphysiological situation. LOXIN naturally occurs at a roughly equivalent level compared to LOX-1 in humans [14] and is able to inhibit LOX-1 cell surface expression [14] and [15]; however, the effect of overexpressing LOXIN in the absence of LOX-1 overexpression is unknown and unphysiological. Mouse LOX-1 contains an exon not present in humans; thus it is unclear whether human LOXIN is able to interact with murine LOX-1. The presence of an equivalent murine LOXIN splice variant in the mouse has not been described. The expression and action of LOX-1 have been widely investigated and are the subject of many publications (reviewed in Refs. [6] and [10]). One of the key mediators of LOX-1 signalling is the activation and nuclear localization of the transcription factor NFκB [9].