They also suggest that silent GERD is very common, affecting 25% to 40% of patients diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma.10 Since we did not perform biopsies, we did not determine the prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus. However, an increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma, possibly

affected by ethnic and environmental factors, has click here not yet been observed in Asia, despite the recent increase in the prevalence of GERD.32 The benefits of maintenance therapy have been demonstrated in patients with RE and NERD.33 However, no studies have been conducted of maintenance therapy for asymptomatic RE. Long-term follow-up studies are therefore required to shed light on the clinical significance of asymptomatic RE in the Japanese population. We found a high frequency of asymptomatic GERD in endoscopically diagnosed GERD patients, particularly in elderly subjects. Unlike symptomatic RE, QOL was not impaired at all in subjects with asymptomatic RE. No differences were seen between groups in clinical features such as endoscopic severity of RE, indicating that asymptomatic

RE is a condition that should not be overlooked clinically. No potential conflict of interest has been declared NVP-BEZ235 by the authors. “
“Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a disease with a poor prognosis despite recent advances in the pathophysiology and treatment. Although the disease is biologically heterogeneous, dysregulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis both occur frequently and contribute to the malignant phenotype. Chronic liver disease is associated with intrahepatic inflammation which promotes dysregulation of cellular signaling pathways; this triggers proliferation and thus lays the

ground for expansion of premalignant cells. Cancer emerges when immunological control fails and transformed cells develop resistance against cell death signaling pathways. The same mechanisms underlie the poor responsiveness of HCC towards chemotherapy. Only recently advances in understanding the signaling pathways involved has led to the development of an effective pharmacological therapy for advanced disease. MCE The current review will discuss apoptosis signaling pathways and focus on apoptosis resistance of HCC involving derangements in cell death receptors (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF], CD95/Apo-1, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [TRAIL]) and associated adapter molecules (e.g. FADD and FLIP) of apoptotic signaling pathways. In addition, the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB) and members of the B cell leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) family that contribute to the regulation of apoptosis in hepatocytes are discussed. Eventually, the delineation of cell death signaling pathways could contribute to the implementation of new therapeutic strategies to treat HCC.