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“The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory describes three brain-behavior systems: The Behavioral Approach System (BAS), the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the Fight–Flight–Freeze

System (FFFS). It proposes that the reactivity of each of these systems underpins the major personality dimensions (Corr, 2008 and Gray and McNaughton, 2000). BAS facilitates reward-orientation and approach behavior, and is driven by midbrain dopaminergic projections, in particular to the ventral striatum (Pickering & Gray, 2001). Here, the dopaminergic release is strongest to unexpected rewards or reward cues (Schultz, 1998). Hyper-reactive BAS is proposed to lead to reward sensitivity and impulsiveness (Pickering, Corr, & Gray, 1999). AZD2281 molecular weight In contrast, FFFS and BIS mediate avoidant behavior; FFFS with a fight–flight–freeze response to aversive stimuli and BIS with inhibition, anxiety and problem solving in response to conflicts. Whereas the periaqueductal gray matter, medial hypothalamus and amygdala are considered core structures for FFFS, the septo-hippocampal system is understood as a central substrate for BIS (Gray & McNaughton, VX-765 concentration 2000). Testing predictions of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory with psychophysiological

and behavioral tasks has yielded conflicting results (Corr, 2004). One reason may be the assumption that personality dimensions have state-independent outputs, and that the behavioral effects of one personality dimension can be studied isolated from other dimensions. However, BAS, BIS and FFFS have mutual antagonistic properties: approach, inhibition and avoidance. The Joint Subsystems Hypothesis proposes that an individual’s activations in dopamine innervated striatal and prefrontal structures depend, not only on reward sensitivity (BAS) but also on antagonistic influences of BIS and FFFS (Corr, 2001). Thus, BAS related brain activation should be highest

in individuals with high BAS reactivity (BAS+) and low FFFS/BIS reactivity (FFFS−/BIS−). The aim of the current study was to disclose associations between BAS related brain activity, personality traits and behavior, and to examine the proposed antagonistic influence of FFFS/BIS reactivity. To this end we adapted a supraliminal priming task to event-related fMRI. In a find more similar task, highly reward sensitive individuals exhibited increased impulsive behavior measured by the reaction time (RT) priming effect and commission errors to prime-incongruent targets (Avila & Parcet, 2002). We hypothesized that (1) high BAS related trait scores are associated with increased activation in brain areas richly innervated by ascending dopaminergic projections, in particular the ventral striatum, and that this activity is trigged by unexpected reward cues. We further hypothesized that (2) personality trait measures of BAS predict impulsive behavior, i.e., a stronger RT priming effect and more commission errors to prime-incongruent targets.