The deleterious effects of muscle fatigue on joint position sense were therefore dependent upon the laterality of the proprioceptive inputs related to muscle contraction. GW2580 These results suggested that sensory weighting for proprioception gives priority to inputs available bilaterally over the ones available in a single limb only. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: An ideal pharmaceutical
treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is to prevent aneurysm formation and development (further dilatation of pre-existing aneurysm). Recent studies have reported that oxidative stress with reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial in aneurysm formation. We hypothesized that edaravone, a
free-radical scavenger, would attenuate vascular oxidative stress and inhibit AAA formation and development.
Methods: An AAA model induced with intraluminal elastase and extraluminal calcium chloride was created in 42 rats. Thirty-six rats were divided three groups: a low-dose (group LD; 1 mg/kg/d), high-dose (group HD; 5 mg/kg/d), and control (group C, saline). Edaravone or saline was intraperitoneally injected twice daily, selleck chemical starting 30 minutes before aneurysm preparation. The remaining six rats (group DA) received a delayed edaravone injection (5 mg/kg/d) intraperitoneally, starting 7 days after aneurysm preparation to 28 days. AAA dilatation ratio was calculated. Pathologic examination was performed. ROS expression was semi-quantified by dihydroethidium staining and the oxidative product of DNA induced by ROS, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), by immunohistochemical staining.
Results: At day PLEKHB2 7, ROS expression and 8-OHdG-positive cells in aneurysm walls were decreased by edaravone treatment (ROS expression: 3.0 +/- 0.5 in group LD, 1.7 +/- 0.3 in group HD, and 4.8 +/- 0.7 in group C;
8-OHdG-positive cells: 106.2 +/- 7.8 cells in group LD, 64.5 +/- 7.7 cells in group HD, and 136.6 +/- 7.4 cells in group C; P < .0001), compared with group C. Edaravone treatment significantly reduced messenger RNA expressions of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in aneurysm walls (MMP-2: 1.1 +/- 0.5 in group LD, 0.6 +/- 0.1 in group HD, and 2.3 +/- 0.4 in group C; P < .001; MMP-9: 1.2 +/- 0.1 in group LD, 0.2 +/- 0.6 in group HD, and 2.4 +/- 0.2 in group C; P < .001). At day 28, aortic walls in groups LD and HD were less dilated, with increased wall thickness and elastin content than those in group C (dilatation ratio: 204.7% +/- 16.0% in group C, 156.5% +/- 6.6% in group LD, 136.7% +/- 2.0% in group HD; P < .0001). Delayed edaravone administration significantly prevented further aneurysm dilatation, with increased elastin content (155.2% +/- 2.9% at day 7, 153.1% +/- 11.6% at day 28; not significant).