So far, Paenibacillus species have been reported to produce multiple antimicrobial compounds with a broad inhibition spectrum to various bacteria and fungi. The main antimicrobial compounds produced by these species are peptide antibiotics, including polymyxins, jolipeptin, gavaserin, saltavalin, fusaricidin A–D and gatavalin (Li et

al., 2007). In this work, strain B69, a new bacterial isolate from soil, was found to display significant activity against fungi, and gram-positive and gram-negative Selleck RAD001 bacteria. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as well as physiological and biochemical characterization, strain B69 was identified as Paenibacillus elgii. This study focuses on the isolation, purification and structural elucidation of the antibiotics produced by this bacterium. Moreover, some biochemical properties of these antibiotics have also been investigated. Strain B69 was isolated from the soil samples collected from the Tianmu Mountain Atezolizumab manufacturer National Nature Reserve (Hangzhou, China). The tested bacteria and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were kept in our lab, and the other five fungal strains were purchased from the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center, which all belong to soil-borne pathogens (Table 1). The bacterial strains were routinely grown at 30 °C on

a nutrient agar or in a nutrient broth, with shaking (200 r.p.m.). The fungal strains were cultivated on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 26 °C. All the strains were stored in 20%

(v/v) glycerol at −80 °C for long-term storage. Strain B69 was observed by light microscopy to examine the morphological characteristics of cells and spores. Motility was determined using a sulfide-indole-motility medium. All the biochemical characteristics of strain B69 and the reference strain P. elgii SD17 were determined using the methods of Logan & Berkeley (1984). Growth at different temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50 °C) PtdIns(3,4)P2 and at different pH values (5.0, 5.6, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0) was tested using a nutrient broth. Tolerance to NaCl was measured in a nutrient broth supplemented with 1–10% (w/v) NaCl. All assays were performed in triplicate. For the determination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, genomic DNA was extracted using the Bacterial Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit (Axygen). The 16S rRNA gene was amplified using two universal primers as described by Wu et al. (2007). PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were conducted using the method of Wen et al. (2009). The 16S rRNA gene sequence obtained was compared with the corresponding reference sequences retrieved from GenBank databases by blast search. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain B69 has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number GU321104. Strain B69 was grown in the fermentation medium (1% peptone, 0.3% sucrose, 0.3% soluble starch, 0.5% NaCl, pH 7.0–7.2) at 30 °C for 24 h.