The Chao model could not be used for the sample PS3 because it did not contain any doubleton sequences. Table 2 Estimations of true diversity of different samples.   Sample Age (d)1 Number of Selleck Thiazovivin sequences Number of OTUs ACE estimate ACE coverage % Chao1 estimate Chao1 coverage % Simpson’s Reciprocal Index Simpson’s Index of Diversity Full-scale process FS1 0 28 23 79.58 28.90 83.17 27.66 2.17 0.54   FS2 1 135 46 97.76 47.06 91.56 50.24 23.55 0.96   FS3 2-3 47 24 103.72 23.14 52.90 45.37 7.40 0.86   FS4 7 50 26 79.66 32.64 66.50 39.10 7.61 0.87   FS5 1 69 37 217.00 17.05 262.00 14.12 5.37

0.81   FS7 0 47 43 252.63 17.02 233.13 18.45 1.45 check details 0.31   FS8 21 118 60 148.23 40.48 160.00 37.50 8.70 0.89   FS9 1 81 33 86.18 38.29 77.10 42.80 14.66 0.93   FS10 2-3 38 31 119.31 25.98 143.67 21.58 2.14 0.53   FS11 12 23 8 12.00 66.67 12.00 66.67 36.14 0.97 Pilot-scale process PS1 4 314

128 672.07 19.05 658.45 19.44 9.26 0.89   PS2 39 163 50 186.78 26.77 179.60 27.84 20.60 0.95   PS3 4 88 10 66.00 15.15 – - 136.71 0.99   PS4 8 60 26 67.45 38.55 66.50 39.10 11.13 0.91   PS5 6 73 25 64.79 38.58 65.50 38.17 16.53 0.94   PS6 10 65 36 104.71 34.38 127.50 50.98 6.69 0.85   PS7 15 78 23 46.36 49.61 65.25 35.25 37.07 0.97   PS8 19 83 28 62.02 45.15 4EGI-1 mouse 76.17 36.76 24.13 0.96 1 Time in days after loading of material into composting unit Discussion The microbial community and its physical and chemical changes during the composting process have received much attention during recent years. However, the picture of the community structure of composting generated by earlier studies,

based on cultivation, Phospholipid Fatty-acid Analysis (PLFA), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) or Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP), has not been as wide nor as specific at the genus and species level as the one presented here. In earlier studies, such as those by Adams and Frostick [38] and Takaku et al. [39], sequences Celecoxib obtained via DGGE analysis are identified, in some cases to the species level, but the total number of clones sequenced is relatively small. In this study we used a DNA-cloning and sequencing based method to determine, as broadly as possible, the bacterial diversity during the active early phases of composting. The targeted composting units were a pilot-scale unit and a full-scale composting facility. Both units were run semi-continuously using normal source-separated household bio-waste as the substrate. At the full-scale facility also the conditions were realistic with all the challenges of running the unit as efficiently as possible.