Restricted DNA of each of the clones showed different singular signals with a digoxigenin-labelled transposon probe, suggesting different single-copy integration sites within the various clones (Fig. 2). To test whether transposon

integration is irreversible, we cultivated mutants in the absence of antibiotics for at least 40 generations. Five independent mutant clones were isolated. Cultures of these isolates were diluted 1 : 100 every third day, and after 21 days, Cabozantinib concentration samples were removed and plated on BCYE agar containing no antibiotics. Five single colonies were isolated for each mutant and the presence of the transposon was analysed by colony PCR using the primer pair Tnp FP01 and Tnp RP01. All of the tested clones contained the transposon, demonstrating a high level of transposon stability even in the absence of selective pressure. To express GFP in Afipia and to complement transposon mutants,

we developed a vector system based on pBBR1MCS2 (Kovach et al., 1995) containing a GFP-cassette for visual control of efficiency. Conditions for electroporation were one pulse at 2.2 kV in Eppendorf cuvettes with 0.1 cm diameter, resulting in up to 1.5 × 106 clones μg−1 plasmid. There was no enhancement of the transformation rate of A. felis with pBBR1MCS2-GFP using type I restriction inhibitor (data not shown). Stability of the vector in A. felis was tested as Selleck AZD6738 above for transposon stability, except that the primers used were MCS-2 FP01 und MCS-2 RP01. The 800-bp polymerization product used as confirmation of the presence of pBBR1MCS2 was observed in all tested clones (Fig. 3), indicating that the plasmid was stably maintained for at least 40 generations. In a second set of experiments, the stability of the vector pBBR1MCS2-GFP was tested microscopically. One week after transformation, >87% of the transformed A. felis colonies showed a clearly visible

GFP signal even when cultured in the absence of antibiotic pressure. Similar high stability of this type of plasmid has been observed for Brucella sp. (Elzer et al., 1995). Afipia birgiae (data not shown) and A. genospecies ifoxetine 2 (Fig. 3a) were also transformed using pBBR1MCS2-GFP at similar transformation rates. Afipia felis often possess a polar flagellum (Brenner et al., 1991) (Fig. 4a and c–e). A colony immunoblot screen of 2600 mutant clones for flagella mutants yielded seven potential clones that were not stained with the CSD11 antibody. We could identify flagellin as the antigen for CSD11, because an altered flagellin (mutant D5, this study) leads to a CSD11 Western blot band of reduced molecular weight (Fig. 4i). Additionally, immunofluorescence labelling with CSD11 resulted in signals only at the filament of the flagellum, which normally consists of flagellin exclusively (Fig. 4e).