Overall results obtained in this study indicate the applicability of the developed primer system for its intended use. Actinobacteria are Gram-positive,

morphologically and physiologically Roxadustat mouse very diverse bacteria with a high GC content in their DNA, and they are one of the main phyla within the domain Bacteria (Ensign, 1992; Ludwig & Klenk, 2001). The class Actinobacteria contains five orders –Acidimicrobiales, Rubrobacterales, Coriobacterales, Bifidobacteriales and Actinomycetales (Zhi et al., 2009). A sixth order, Nitriliruptorales, was proposed by Sorokin et al. (2009). Actinobacteria are dominant colonizers in soils (McCarthy & Williams, 1992; Heuer et al., 1997). Many species produce extracellular enzymes for degradation selleck chemicals of macromolecules such as lignin, cellulose, chitin and, in part, starch (Ensign, 1992; Korn-Wendisch & Kutzner, 1992; Heuer et al., 1997). Therefore, Actinobacteria often occur in materials where organic materials are degraded (McCarthy & Williams, 1992; Rintala et al., 2002), such as soils, compost heaps and building materials. In particular, investigations in the indoor environment demonstrated their presence in water-damaged building materials beside fungi. In addition, they seem to be associated with various negative health effects, for example coughing, wheezing, asthma, airways infections, tiredness and headache (Spengler et al., 1994; Sundell et al., 1994; Bornehag et al., 2001;

Ixazomib nmr Haverinen et al., 2001; Suihko et al., 2009). To investigate the diversity of those bacteria in the indoor environment we describe here an Actinobacteria-specific primer system targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, we evaluated an earlier described Actinobacteria-specific primer system (Stach et al., 2003) and compared the number

of Actinobacteria genera detectable in silico, as well as the detectable variety of Actinobacteria from 18 different building material samples, using both primer systems. The present study shows the advantage of using more than one primer system to investigate the whole diversity of such a large group of bacteria. Bacterial strains (randomly selected) used for optimization of PCR protocol are listed in Table 1. For investigation of environmental samples, one plaster and one compost sample as well as two bioaerosol samples (one from a composting plant and one from a duck house) were investigated. Mature compost material was obtained from a composting plant in Cyriaxweimar (Germany) and plaster material was obtained from the cellar of a residential building after water damage. Bioaerosol samples were taken by filtration through a sterile polycarbonate filter (0.8 μm pore size, ∅37 mm, Whatman, Germany) using personal air samplers (PGP/GSP, BIA, Germany) in combination with membrane pumps SG-10 (GSA, Germany). Cells were detached and homogenized in 10 mL NaCl 0.9% (w/v) using a stomacher (Stomacher 80 Lab Systems; Seward, London, UK) for 60 s.