Keywords included “”xenogenic,”" “”extracellular matrix”" and “”genitourinary tract applications.”" A total of 112 articles were scrutinized, of which 50 were suitable for review based on clinical relevance and importance of content.
Results: Since the mid 1990s xenogenic extracellular matrices have been used to successfully treat a number of pathological conditions that affect the upper and lower genitourinary tract.
They are typically prepared from porcine organs such as small intestine and bladder. These organs are harvested and subjected to decellularization and sterilization techniques before surgical implantation. Bioinductive growth factors that are retained during the preparation process induce constructive tissue remodeling as the extracellular matrix is simultaneously
degraded and excreted. However, recent documented concerns over durability, decreased mechanical strength selleck chemicals and residual porcine selleck kinase inhibitor DNA after preparation techniques have temporarily hampered the potential of extracellular matrices as a reliable replacement for genitourinary tract structures.
Conclusions: Extracellular matrices are a useful alternative for successfully treating a number of urological conditions that affect the genitourinary tract. However, clinical concerns regarding mechanical limitations and biosafety need to be addressed before their long-term role in reconstructive urological surgery can be clearly established.”
“A recent view of cortical functional specialization PFKL suggests that the primary organizing principle of the cortex is based on task requirements, rather than sensory modality. Consistent with this view, recent evidence suggests that
a region of the lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LO) may process object shape information regardless of the modality of sensory input. There is considerable evidence that area LO is involved in processing visual and haptic shape information. However, sound can also carry acoustic cues to an object’s shape, for example, when a sound is produced by an object’s impact with a surface. Thus, the current study used auditory stimuli that were created from recordings of objects impacting a hard surface to test the hypothesis that area LO is also involved in auditory shape processing. The objects were of two shapes, rods and balls, and of two materials, metal and wood. Subjects were required to categorize the impact sounds in one of three tasks, (1) by the shape of the object while ignoring material, (2) by the material of the object while ignoring shape, or (3) by using all the information available. Area LO was more strongly recruited when subjects discriminated impact sounds based on the shape of the object that made them, compared to when subjects discriminated those same sounds based on material.