It was concluded that the results from the NIH mouse protection test using 9 mice per dilution are in good agreement with the results obtained

using 18 mice per dilution. Therefore, nine animals per dilution is a suitable number to meet the statistical requirement for valid assays. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“There is increasing evidence that sleep may be involved in memory consolidation. However, there remain comparatively few studies that have explored the relationship between sleep and memory reconsolidation. At present study, we tested the effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (RSD) on the reconsolidation of cued (experiment 1) and contextual (experiment 2) fear memory in rats. Behaviour procedure involved four

training phases: habituation, fear Rabusertib manufacturer conditioning, reactivation and test. Rats were subjected to 6 h RSD starting either immediately after reactivation or 6 It later. The control rats were returned to their home cages immediately after reactivation and left undisturbed. Contrary to those hypotheses speculating a potential role of sleep in reconsolidation, we found that post-reactivation RSD whether from 0 to 6 It or 6 to 12 h had no effect on the reconsolidation of both cued and contextual fear memory. However, our present results did not exclude the potential roles of non-rapid eye movement sleep in the Selleckchem VX-770 reconsolidation of fear memory or sleep in the reconsolidation of other memory paradigms. (C) 2009 Elsevier Celecoxib Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major pathogen leading to respiratory disease in infants and neonates worldwide. An effective vaccine has not yet been developed against this virus, despite considerable efforts in basic and clinical research. HRSV replication

is independent of the nuclear RNA processing constraints, since the virus genes are adapted to the cytoplasmic transcription, a process performed by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This study shows that meaningful nuclear RNA polymerase II dependent expression of the HRSV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (F) proteins can only be achieved with the optimization of their genes, and that the intracellular localization of N and P proteins changes when they are expressed out of the virus replication context. Immunization tests performed in mice resulted in the induction of humoral immunity using the optimized genes. This result was not observed for the non-optimized genes. In conclusion, optimization is a valuable tool for improving expression of HRSV genes in DNA vaccines. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.