Immunohistochemistry For immunohistochemistry, parasites were harvested from culture media, washed four times and resuspended with PBS (2 × 106 cells/mL) and deposited on poly-lysine coated slides. They were fixed with Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at 4°C, permeabilized by three short incubations in PBS-0.1% Triton-X100 followed by blocking with PBS-0.1% Triton-X100-1% BSA for 30 min. The slides were then incubated with the primary antibody (anti-Tc38) in PBS-0.1% Triton-X100-0.1% BSA, washed three times and then incubated with the secondary antibody anti-rabbit Alexa-488 F(ab’) fragment of goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (Molecular Probes).

Incubations were done overnight at 4°C or alternatively for 4 h at 37°C. Total DNA staining was achieved using DAPI (10 μg/mL) for 10 min at room temperature. Slides were then mounted in 1 part of Tris-HCl pH 8.8 and 8 parts of glycerol. Confocal images were acquired at room temperature using a Zeiss LSM 510 NLO Meta system (Thornwood, NY, USA) mounted on a Zeiss Axiovert 200 M microscope using either an oil immersion Plan-Apochromat 63×/1.4

DIC objective lens or Plan-Apochromat 100×/1.4 DIC. Excitation wavelengths of 488 nm and 740 nm (2-photon laser from Coherent) were used for detection of the green signal and DAPI, respectively. Fluorescent emissions were collected in a BP 500–550 nm IR blocked filter and a BP 435–485 nm IR blocked filter, respectively. All confocal images were of frame size 512 × 512 pixels or 1024 × 1024, scan zoom range of 1–5.5 and line averaged 4 times. Cell synchronization

Synchronization selleck of cells was essentially done as described [27]. In brief, cells were grown to a density of 0.5 – 1 × 107 cells/mL, washed twice in 1 volume of PBS at 4°C (700 × g without brake) and incubated for 24 h at 28°C in LIT medium containing 20 mM hydroxyurea (HU). Cells were then identically washed, resuspended in fresh LIT medium without oxyclozanide HU and incubated at 28°C for different time intervals. Finally, they were washed three times in PBS at 4°C and fixed for immunohistochemistry. Based on prior reports on the effects of HU treatment on the T. cruzi cell cycle phases [27, 28] we considered S phase to occur between 3–6 h after HU removal. Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by FIRCA n°R03 TW05665-01, Fondo Clemente Bromosporine manufacturer Estable (DICyT) n°7109 and n°169, FAPES, CNPq and PROSUL. MAD received PEDECIBA and AMSUD-Pasteur fellowships. We thank Dr. J.J. Cazzulo for critically reading the manuscript. We thank Dr. Amalia Dutra for her scientific and technical assistance with the confocal microscopy analysis. References 1. Lukes J, Hashimi H, Zikova A: Unexplained complexity of the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome in kinetoplastid flagellates. Curr Genet 2005,48(5):277–299.CrossRefPubMed 2.