Each of these reorganizing principles applies at some point, though they do not represent a necessary

condition induced by the aging process itself. Rather, it appears that certain characteristics of the cognitive event being examined determine the nature of the functional reorganization reported for a particular cognitive condition. In some cases, the recruitment of homotopic contralateral areas of the brain appears to be necessary to add the neural capacity to cope with the extra requirements AG-014699 clinical trial that a task is imposing on the aging brain. With reference to the phenomena described in the literature, this could be a combination of the HAROLD and CRUNCH phenomena. In other cases, it appears that the way in which the task is cognitively executed in the brain changes with aging. For example, the observations that semantic oral naming and visual attention are sustained in older individuals are compatible with the idea that these tasks are executed in a way that relies on enhanced abilities

(e.g. for semantic oral naming this would be semantic memory), skipping other less efficient processes (e.g. for semantic oral naming this would be frontostriatal-based executive processes). In some sense, the PASA phenomenon LY2109761 clinical trial captures the idea that some sort of cognitive compensation applies through the use of a different cognitive strategy. However, it also appears that the PASA phenomenon might be task-determined as the intrahemispheric shift in activation observed in functional brain imaging can be either posterior–anterior or anterior–posterior, probably depending on the nature of the compensatory mechanisms engaged. It is therefore clear that the brains of aging individuals who do not exhibit any change in cognitive abilities undergo important neurofunctional

reorganization in order to support such preserved performance. Nevertheless, we strongly believe that the exact nature of the neurofunctional reorganization does not follow mafosfamide a specific pattern. On the contrary, there seem to be many possible reorganization patterns, each of them determined by a number of factors including the nature of the task, the nature of the specific cognitive processes used to perform the task, the relative perceived increase in task complexity, and the use of a different cognitive strategy. The identification of these determinants and their specific roles should inspire future research in the cognitive neuroscience of optimal aging.