e. IFN-α production and Treg number) may be mechanistically related has been missing. The data presented here provide evidence in favour of a model where IFN-α potentially drives the decreased number of aTregs in SLE, a process that may contribute to autoimmunity by preventing the normal activation

and expansion of Tregs in response Rucaparib price to inflammation. In this regard, the observation that the therapeutic use of IFN-α can lead to autoimmune manifestations52 suggests that such a mechanism may be more broadly applicable to other autoimmune syndromes in which IFN-α plays a pathogenic role. In summary, this study suggests that IFN-α may play a central role in defining the homeostatic equilibrium between aTeffs and aTregs in response to infection and autoimmunity. This work was supported by the Lupus Research Institute (F.A.) and NIH Grant P30 AR053503 (A.R.). The Hopkins Lupus Cohort is supported by NIH Grant AR 43727 and by the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (UL1RR025005). A.G. was supported by the T32 Fellowship Grant NIH AR48522-06. We thank Tatiana Romantseva for technical assistance on quantification of

IFN-α in tissue culture supernatants and Dr Hana Golding for a critical review of the manuscript. No disclosures. Figure S1. IFN-β suppresses Treg activation in anti-CD3 activated PBMC. PBMC were incubated with medium alone (data https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html not shown), or with anti-CD3 in the

absence (control) or presence of 100 or 500 U/ml of IFN-β. After 3 days, the cells were stained and analysed by FACS for FoxP3 and IFN-γ expression in CD4 +  lymphocytes. The cell numbers for total CD4 T cells, aTregs and aTeffs are Etofibrate shown for three normal donors in the bar graphs (a), (b) and (c), respectively. In order to compare the effects of IFN-β for different donors, the data were normalized to controls (which were set as 100%), and averaged over all three donors for total CD4 T cells, aTregs and Teffs (d). The error bars represent the standard deviation. aTregs, activated regulatory T cells; aTeffs, activated effector T cells; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; IFN-beta, interferon-β; IFN-β, Interferon-gamma; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Treg, regulatory T cell. Figure S2. TLR3 agonism suppresses anti-CD3-mediated Treg expansion in an IFN-dependent fashion. Prior to the addition of anti-CD3, PBMC were incubated overnight with medium alone (control), or poly(I:C) (n = 8) in the absence or presence of IFNRAB (n = 6), anti-IL-6 (n = 3) or anti-TNF-α (n = 3). After 3 days of anti-CD3 stimulation, the cells were stained and analysed by FACS for FoxP3 and IFN-γ expression in CD4 +  cells. The numbers of total CD4 T cells, aTregs and aTeffs are shown in (a), (b) and (c), respectively.