Although Fur repression of the iroBCDE loci is known [59], iroN is encoded downstream of this operon and is transcribed in the opposite orientation. Our results confirm the prediction by

Baumler et al that iroN is regulated by Fur [58]. Discussion Iron is essential in most pathogenic bacteria, which selleck kinase inhibitor compete rigorously with the host for this element. S. Typhimurium is no exception. The 17-kDa transcriptional regulator, Fur, plays an important role in bacterial iron homeostasis. Although publications of Fur regulation in E. coli and other bacteria are numerous, this is the first report on the global role of Fur in anaerobically grown S. Typhimurium. selleck chemicals Indeed, anaerobic metabolism

has been shown to be important for C646 cost pathogens and pathogenesis [21–24, 29]. In this study, we found that, under anaerobic conditions, Fur directly or indirectly affected the expression of 298 genes (Additional file 2: Table S2). A putative Fur binding motif was identified in 49 genes (Table 4. column #1). Also, Table 4 shows evidence of published data demonstrating the role of Fur in their regulation (column #3) and published experimental evidence for Fur binding to the regulatory region of these genes (column #4). The role of other co-regulators is also shown (Table 4, column #5). Interestingly, twelve of the 49 genes contained the binding motifs for both Fnr and Fur (Additional

file 4: Table S4). Table 4 Comparison of Differentially Expressed Genes in Δfur That Contain a Putative Fur Binding Site with Confirmed Data of Fur Regulation from other Studies and the Possible Involvement of other Transcription Regulators Genes Regulated by Fur and containing a putative Fur motifa Fold Changeb Published Evidence of Fur Regulation [Ref.] Published Evidence of nearly Fur Binding [Ref.]c Published Evidence of Control By Other Regulators [Ref]d rlgA 2.8 No No   map 2.6 No No   rpsB 4.0 No No   yajC 3.2 No No   nrdR 2.5 No No   cyoE 3.1 Yes [12] No Fnr [21] cyoD 7.1 Yes [12] No Fnr [21] cyoB 8.2 Yes [12] No Fnr [21] cyoA 3.2 Yes [12] No Fnr [21] fepA 10.7 Yes [12, 15, 16, 126–129] Yes [128, 129]   fes 39.8 Yes [12, 16, 127–129] Yes [128, 129]   entC 6.8 Yes [12, 15, 130] Yes [130]   sucC 4.1 No No Fnr [21] gpmA 5.6 Yes [12] No   cmk 2.7 No No   STM1013 2.8 No No   STM1133 -4.2 No No Fnr [21] ydiE 7.4 Yes [12, 15] No Rcs [131] nth 2.9 No No   STM1586 76.1 Yes [15] No   ldhA -4.0 No No Fnr [21] ynaF -37.3 No No Fnr [21] tonB 11.4 Yes [12, 15] Yes [132]   hns 3.1 Yes [29] Yes [29]   STM1795 5.8 No No Fnr [21] STM2186 -8.8 No No Fnr [21] cirA 4.0 Yes [12, 15] Yes [133]   eutC -4.1 No No Fnr [21] eutB -3.2 No No Fnr [21] yffB 2.6 No No   iroB 4.6 Yes [15, 59] No   iroN 9.1 No No   sitA 53.8 Yes [15, 46, 61, 134–138] No MntR [61] yggU 3.5 No No   yqjH 3.8 Yes [12] No   secY 4.