(C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cancer are connected in a number of ways in both directions: cancer can cause CKD either directly or indirectly through the adverse effects of therapies;

CKD may, conversely, be a risk factor for cancer; and both may be associated because they share common risk factors, often toxins. In this SHP099 order review, we briefly address the issue of paraneoplastic nephropathies as well as that of toxin-related cancers and CKD, including analgesic and aristolochic acid nephropathies. We then focus on the links between the various stages of CKD and cancer incidence, and critically examine major epidemiologic surveys in the field. Compared with the general population, kidney transplant recipients have a threefold to fourfold increase in overall cancer risk, and relative risks higher than 3 for about 20 specific tumors, most, but not all, of which are known or suspected to be caused by viral agents. IPI-145 clinical trial After dialysis, cancer risk increases 10% to 80% according to studies, with relative risks significantly higher than in the general population, for about 10 cancer sites. There is emerging evidence for an excess risk of cancer in patients in early CKD stages.”
“Background: Steroids have been widely used to relief symptoms in the patients with PFAPA syndrome. Objectives: This study was constructed

to show the effectiveness of low-dose steroid therapy in patients diagnosed with PFAPA syndrome.

Methods: 41 patients (86 febrile attacks) who were diagnosed using the criteria suggested by Thomas et al. were involved in the study. The cases were classified into two groups and the selection of patients in groups was made randomly. Twenty patients received prednisolone at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day (first group: 40 attacks) and 21 patients received a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day (second group: 46 attacks). The effectiveness of the treatment was especially determined by the time needed to reduce the fever and the effect on the duration between the two attacks. The patients were re-examined 24 hours later, after a steroid treatment.

Results: The patients who were in the first group

received ALK inhibitor 2 mg/kg/day dose of prednisolone and their fever was dramatically decreased in 6-8 hours (7.6 +/- 0.9 hours). The second group received 0.5 mg/kg/day dose and 19 of these patients’ fever was decreased in 8-12 hours. Two patients whose temperature did not decrease, received another dose of prednisolone 24 hours after the first dose and their fever was reduced 12 hours after the second dose (11.3 +/- 6.4 hours). A comparison of the rate of fever reduction and the interval between the attacks (Group I: 5.11 +/- 1.01 week and Group II: 5.2 +/- 1.13 week) in the two groups did not show any statistical significance (p = 0.104).

Conclusion: Low-dose steroid treatment is as effective as normal dose in PFAPA syndrome but there is need to study with a larger group. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.