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“The objective was to examine the effect of the additives acetic

acid, lactic acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide on the hydrolysis of whey protein isolate with subcritical water. A screening experimental design Ilomastat was used to study the effect of temperature, time, and additives. The most influential additive, sodium bicarbonate, along with temperature and time was used in a second experimental design to predict the treatment conditions to maximize the degree of hydrolysis and production of free amino acids. The maximum degree of hydrolysis achieved was 50% at a concentration of 1.24 M sodium bicarbonate, 291 degrees C, and 28 min. The highest

concentration of total amino acids was 83.0 mg/g of whey protein isolate with 0.83 M sodium bicarbonate Selleck DMXAA at 264 degrees C for 29 min. Compared to water alone, sodium bicarbonate increased the degree of hydrolysis 4-fold and the production of amino acids by 44% and decreased peptides’ molecular weight.”
“Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate, using Rasch model analysis, the measurement invariance of the item ratings of the Individualised Care Scale. Background. Evidence of reliability is needed in cross-cultural comparative studies. To be used in different cultures and languages, the items must function the same way. Design. A methodological and comparative www.selleckchem.com/Wnt.html design. Methods. Secondary analysis of data, gathered in 20052006 from a cross-cultural survey using the Individualised Care Scale from Finnish, Greek, Swedish and English predischarge hospitalised orthopaedic and trauma patients (n=1093), was used. The Rasch model, which produces calibrations (item locations and rank) and item fit statistics, was computed using the Winstep program. Results. The rank of average Individualised Care Scale item calibrations (2 center dot 261 center dot 52) followed a generally similar trend (Infit1 center dot 3), but slight differences in the item rank by country were found

and some item misfit was identified within the same items. There was some variation in the order and location of some Individualised Care Scale items for individual countries, but the overall pattern of item calibration was generally corresponding. Conclusions. The Rasch model provided information about the appropriateness, sensitivity and item function in different cultures providing more in-depth information about the psychometric properties of the Individualised Care Scale instrument. Comparison of the four versions of the Individualised Care Scale patient revealed general correspondence in the item calibration patterns although slight differences in the rank order of the items were found. Some items showed also a slight misfit. Based on these results, the phrasing and targeting of some items should be considered. Relevance to clinical practice.