Bars with different letters are significantly different (n = selleck compound library 14 to 16 comparisons). Responses of Caco-2 cells to

supernatants collected at different stages of bacterial Tipifarnib concentration growth The supernatant prepared from CDM-fructose (110 mM) during the exponential phase of growth of L. acidophilus (48 h) resulted in the greatest increase in glucose uptake after a 10 min exposure compared with the sterile CDM-fructose (83%; P < 0.05; Figure 5). The supernatant collected at the stationary phase of growth (72 h) resulted in a 45% increase in uptake (P < 0.05), whereas the supernatant collected before exponential growth (32 h) did not elicit a significant increase in uptake. Figure 5 Effect of supernatants collected at different stages of bacterial growth on glucose uptake. Accumulation of tracer (2 μM) glucose by Caco-2 cells after exposure for 10 min to the cell-free supernatants prepared after 32 h (before exponential growth), 48 h (mid point of exponential growth), and 72 h (start of stationary 17-AAG phase) of anaerobic culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus in CDM with 110 mM fructose (CDM-fructose). Values (means ± SEM) represent percentages of accumulation by cells on the

same plate exposed to CDM-fructose without bacteria. Bars with different letters are significantly different (n = 48 comparisons). Responses of Caco-2 cells to heated supernatants Supernatants of CDM-fructose, and CDM-mannose harvested after 72 h of L. acidophilus growth increased glucose uptake by 40% and 93%, respectively, compared to Caco-2 cells exposed to the same media before the addition of bacteria (P < 0.05; Figure 6). In contrast, the corresponding heated supernatants caused a non-significant increase in glucose uptake by the cells. Figure 6 Heated supernatants and glucose uptake. Accumulation Megestrol Acetate of tracer (2 μM) glucose by Caco-2 cells after exposure for 10 min to the unheated (Supernatant) and heated (100°C; 10 min; HSupernatant) cell-free supernatants prepared after 72 h of anaerobic growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus

in CDM with 110 mM fructose (CDM-fructose; top panel) and 110 mM mannose (CDM-mannose; bottom panel). Values (means ± SEM) represent percentages of accumulation by cells on the same plate exposed to CDM-fructose without bacteria. Bars with different letters are significantly different (n = 8 to 12 comparisons). Response of Caco-2 cells to supernatants from the five species of Lactobacilli Rates of glucose uptake differed among Caco-2 cells exposed to supernatants prepared from CDM-fructose after 72 h of culturing the five species of Lactobacilli. All of the supernatants increased glucose uptake by the cells compared to the sterile CDM-fructose (P < 0.05; Figure 7). The greatest stimulation of glucose uptake was elicited by the supernatant prepared after growth of L. gasseri (83%), followed by L. acidophilus (45%), L. amylovorus (32%),L. gallinarum (27%), and L. johnsonii (14%).