Among all male variants, 52% consisted in transitions (A/G and C/T), while 32% were transversions (A/T, A/C, G/T, C/G) (Fig. 3). Meanwhile, 623 variants were detected in females, of which, 85% were SNVs. Among all female variants, 55% consisted in transitions while 31% were transversions INCB024360 solubility dmso (Fig. 3). The full list of SNPs identified for males and females is provided in Table S3 and Table S4, respectively. This study was funded by FONDEFD09I1256 and FONDAP15110027 from CONICYT-Chile.

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“Phytoplankton accounts for less than 1% of the photosynthetic biomass on Earth, yet is estimated to contribute half of the world’s net primary production (Field et al., 1998). A minor fraction of the phytoplankton biomass sinks to the sea floor and, if not decomposed in the sediment, can end up as kerogen, the source of future oil and gas reservoirs (Kirchman et al., 2009). The vast majority however is rapidly consumed by higher organisms selleck chemicals such as protists, copepods and fish as well as by the prokaryotic fraction of the plankton, the so-called bacterioplankton. Bacterioplankton hence plays a pivotal role in the recycling of phytoplankton biomass and thus controls a substantial fraction of the global carbon flux (Kirchman et al., 2009) in a process that is known as the ‘microbial loop’ (Davies et al., 2012).

Marine phytoplankton is comprised of photosynthetic bacteria such as cyanobacteria, but the bulk of its biomass consists of uni- to pluricellular algae like diatoms and haptophytes. ID-8 Bacterial communities that decompose algal biomass in the pelagic zone are diverse and consist of different heterotrophic taxa with varying ecological strategies (Giovannoni and Stingl, 2005). Several studies based on culture-independent 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence (16S rDNA) analysis have provided insights into these communities in terms of composition (Gilbert et al., 2012, Romano et al., 2005, Verslyppe

et al., 2010 and Verslyppe et al., 2013), but little is known about the dynamics and functional interactions within such communities. Transcriptome-based approaches have been used in several studies to tackle these questions (Gilbert et al., 2008, Hewson et al., 2009, Poretsky et al., 2005, Poretsky et al., 2009, Poretsky et al., 2010 and Vila-Costa et al., 2010), but it is still not fully understood, how a multitude of eukaryotic and prokaryotic planktonic species coexist in a seemingly homogenous habitat with limited resources (Glöckner and Kottmann, 2011). The relationships between these species range from mutualism to competition and even predation (Romano et al., 2005). Algicidal bacteria are known to affect algal bloom dynamics (Mayali and Azam, 2004), and vice-versa algae release compounds that inhibit bacterial growth (Ribalet et al., 2008). Hence there are plenty of reasons why species get extinct by competition and only a limited number of highly competitive species should prevail.