All experiments were approved by the University of Edinburgh ethical review committee and were performed in accordance with UK legislation. The 35–55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (pMOG) was obtained from selleckchem Cambridge Research Biochemicals. EAE was induced using 100 μg of pMOG and mononuclear cells were prepared from brain and spinal cord as described previously [[25]]. GFP+ or GFP-CD4+ T cells were

sorted using a FACSAria II sorter (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK). Purities were routinely greater than 99%. Cells were stimulated on anti-CD3 + anti-CD28 (e-Bioscience, CA, USA) coated plates, with or without IL-6 (30 ng/mL), IL-23 (30 ng/mL), IL-1β (10 ng/mL), TGF-β (2.5 ng/mL), or IL-12 (25 ng/mL) (all R&D systems), individually or in combination, as described in the text. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html Cytokine production was quantified using ELISA or Bender-Medsystems FLowcytomix Th1/Th2 10plex assays (e-Bioscience,) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All antibodies were from e-Bioscience, except pSTAT1, pSTAT5, and pSTAT3 (BD Pharmingen, Oxford, UK). For intracellular cytokine staining, 50 ng/mL PMA, 50 ng/mL ionomycin, and 1 μL/mL brefeldin A (e-Bioscience) were added for the last 4 h of culture. Foxp3 staining was performed using proprietary buffers according to the manufacturer’s instructions (e-Bioscience). Due to loss of

GFP activity as a result of fixation, cells from Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice were stained with anti-Foxp3. For pSTAT analysis, cells were incubated in RPMI 10% FCS with or without IL-6, or the sIL-6R-IL-6 fusion protein HDS [[26]], both at 20 ng/mL for 15 min at 37°C and fixed in 2% PFA for 20 min at 37°C prior to surface staining. Cells were then resuspended in ice-cold 90% methanol and stored overnight at −20°C.

Cells were then washed extensively and incubated with Fc block before intracellular staining. All FACS data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, CA, USA). Statistical analysis used Student’s t-test for comparison of groups. Genomic DNA was isolated from freshly sorted cells using a DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) according Montelukast Sodium to the manufacturer’s instructions. Bisulfite conversion, PCR, and sequencing was performed as previously described [[4]]. We thank Prof. A. Rudensky for providing the Foxp3-GFP mice and Prof. G. Hammerling for providing the Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice. This work was supported by grants from the UK Medical Research Council and the German Research Foundation (SFB621 and KFO250). The authors declare no financial or commercial conflicts of interest. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited. Figure SI. CNS-Treg resist conversion to an IFN-y-producing phenotype. Figure S2. IL-6 and DS induce phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 in Foxp3+ and Foxp3 T cells. Figure S3. CXCR3+Treg do not resist conversion to IL-17 production.