3B). The data reveal that the individual CGD cells up-regulate the transcription of the iNOS gene (NOS2) beyond WT cells in both neutrophil and macrophages upon challenge. The response of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from unchallenged WT and CGD mice to GlyAg alone was also tested. At 24 h, mRNA and cell extracts were isolated and analyzed by qPCR and Western blot respectively. We found that

iNOS transcription was increased by nearly ten-fold over WT in response to GlyAg (Fig. 3C) and this difference was readily apparent at the protein level Tipifarnib manufacturer (Fig. 3D). These data demonstrate that GlyAg-stimulated CGD cells up-regulate the iNOS gene to a significantly greater extent than WT cells in neutrophils, macrophages, and BMDCs, and this difference accounts for the increased NO produced in the peritoneal cavity upon challenge (Fig. 2A). Given that GlyAg-induced abscess formation is dependent on NO-dependent processing, presentation on MHCII, and subsequent CD4+ T-cell activation 20, we examined

the CGD effect on the amount of GlyAg processing. CGD and WT APCs were incubated for 48 h with radiolabeled GlyAg, then intracellular GlyAg was analyzed for changes in molecular mass as a measure of processing. Greater amounts of the MHCII-presentable low molecular weight form of GlyAg were found in CGD cells compared with WT (Fig. 4A, arrow), demonstrating that increases in NO correlates with greater processed GlyAg available for Cabozantinib chemical structure MHCII presentation. Next, to determine if the increased

NO production and antigen processing seen in CGD mice would lead to aberrant T-cell activation, syngeneic APCs and CD4+ T cells were cultured and stimulated with GlyAg and analyzed for IFN-γ by ELISA. We found that the CGD T cells responded earlier and more robustly than WT T cells, with strong IFN-γ production by day 3 in CGD assays (Fig. 4B). The relationship between NO production and T-cell response was further demonstrated by comparing Olopatadine the T-cell responses from WT, CGD, and iNOS−/− animals at day 3. IFN-γ production was modest for WT, heightened for CGD, and reduced for iNOS−/− cells (Fig. 4C), showing a direct correlation between NO concentration and T-cell response amplitude. To differentiate between greater individual cell responses and a greater number of cells responding, we challenged WT and CGD animals with GlyAg and compared the number of CD4+ T cells expressing CD69, an early activation marker (Fig. 4D). At 24 h, the number of CD4+CD69+ cells without GlyAg challenge was indistinguishable between WT and CGD animals (12.3 and 11.4% respectively), while in vivo stimulation with GlyAg yielded ∼4% increases in CD69+ T cells in both backgrounds (Fig. 4D). Since responding CD4+ T cells have been previously localized to the abscess wall following GlyAg challenge 24, we also performed immunohistochemistry on abscess cryosections.