05 were considered statistically significant. Results were expressed as mean levels and standard deviations (SD) or as median and interquartile range as appropriate. χ2 was used to assess group differences in categorical variables. Odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence limits (95% CL), when possible, were calculated. For continuous variables, the t-test was used with Logarithmic transformation of non-normal distributed variables. In the study period, 136

buy INCB024360 cases of invasive meningococcal B disease were reported. The mean age was 5.0 years, median 2.7 years, interquartile range 10.2 months–6.4 years. Among these, 96/136 (70.6%) patients were between 0 and 5 years, 61/136 (45.2%) patients were between 0 and 2 years. Among cases under 2 years of age, 39/61 (63.9%) occurred during the first year of life. Distribution of cases according to age is shown in Fig. 1. Within the first year of age the highest incidence was observed between the 4th and the 8th month of age, where 20/39 (51.3%) cases occurred. Case distribution according buy Gemcitabine to months of age is shown in Fig. 2. Fifty-two blood samples

were tested both by culture and RT-PCR. MenB was found in 43/52 (82.7%); the 9 (17.3%) patients who were negative for both tests in blood were positive by RT-PCR in CSF. MenB was identified by RT-PCR alone in 32/43 (74.4%) patients and by both RT-PCR and culture in 11/43 (25.6%) patients (McNemar’s p < 10−3); no sample was identified by culture alone. Fifty-nine CSF samples were tested both by culture and RT-PCR. MenB was found in 57/59 (96.6%); the 2 (3.4%) patients who were negative for both tests in CSF were positive by RT-PCR

in blood. MenB was identified by RT-PCR alone in 35/57 (61.4%) patients; by culture alone in 1/57 (1.8%) and by both RT-PCR and culture in 21/57 (36.8%) patients (McNemar’s p < 10−3). Overall, 82 patients were tested at the same time by both molecular and cultural tests either in blood or in CSF or in both and a Neisseria meningitidis infection was found by RT-PCR in blood or CSF in 81/82 cases (98.8%). Astemizole In the same patients culture could identify 27/82 (32.9%) infections. RT-PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture in achieving laboratory diagnosis of meningococcal infection (Cohen’s Kappa: 0.3; McNemar p < 10−5). Sensitivity according to clinical presentation was evaluated. In 44 patients who were admitted to hospital with the diagnosis of sepsis with or without meningitis, RT-PCR was performed in the blood of 29/44 and in CSF of 15/44 and was positive in 29/29 (100%) blood and in 13/15 (86.7%) CSF. Culture was performed in the blood of 24/44 and in the CSF of 10/44 and was positive in 6/24 blood (25.0%) and in 2/10 (20.0%) CSF. As for meningitis, in 90 patients with the diagnosis of meningitis with no sign of sepsis, RT-PCR was performed in 39 blood samples and in 61 CSF samples and was positive in 29/39 (74.4%) blood samples and 60/61 (98.4%) CSF samples.