05), indicated that SKOV3 implanted tumor was inhibited evidently by SPEF with different frequencies. On the contrary, multiple comparisons showed no significant difference among test groups (one-way ANOVA, all P > 0.05), indicated that SPEF with different frequencies had similar antitumor efficiency. Figure 3 Tumor volume and growth curve at different observation time among groups. Each point on the

figure represents the mean ± S.D. of six mice. SPEF with different frequencies showed significant antitumor efficiency in comparison https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nilotinib.html to the control group (Dunnett’s test, all P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in tumor responses among test groups (one-way ANOVA, all P > 0.05). Routine Pathologic Observation Cancer tissue in the control group grew actively and presented with sheet distribution, high cellularity of cancer cells, multinucleate cancer cells and increased Aurora Kinase inhibitor signs of pathologic mitosis (Figure 4A). Three days after exposure to SPEF (5 kHz), extensive necrosis could be seen in cancer tissue (Figure 4B). Figure 4 Routine pathologic observation of SKOV3 subcutaneous implanted tumor in BALB/c nude mice. 4A. Cancer tissue in the control group grew actively and presented with sheet distribution, high cellularity of cancer cells, multinucleate cancer

cells and increased signs of pathologic mitosis. (HE × 400). 4B. Three days after exposure to SPEF (5 kHz), extensive necrosis could be seen in cancer tissue. (HE × 200). Ultrastructural Observation The following ultrastructural changes manifested the irreversible damage of tumor cells in response to SPEF exposure. TEM observation showed abundant mitochondria and nucleoli with increased karyoplasm ratio in non-exposure SKOV3 (Figure 5A). However, in response to SPEF exposure (1 kHz), SKOV3 plasma membrane and karyotheca was disintegrated, subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic Farnesyltransferase reticulum

and nucleus were cavitated and swollen (Figure 5B). Similarly, the integrality of cell membrane also was destroyed along with pyknosis, karyorrhexis and Proteasome inhibitor karyolysis in SKOV3 implanted tumor (1 kHz) (Figure 6A). In addition to so much irreversible damage, typical characteristic of apoptosis was further induced by SPEF exposure (5 kHz) (Figure 5C and 6B). Figure 5 Microphotos of SKOV3 cells under TEM observation. 5A: Abundant mitochondria and nucleoli with increased karyoplasm ratio in non-exposure cells. (TEM × 3500). 5B: In response to SPEF exposure (1 kHz), SKOV3 plasma membrane and karyotheca was disintegrated, subcellular organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus were cavitated and swollen. (TEM × 3500). 5C: Typical characteristic of apoptosis was further induced by SPEF exposure (5 kHz). (TEM × 10000). Figure 6 Microphotos of SKOV3 subcutaneous implanted tumor under TEM observation. (TEM × 10000). 6A: In response to SPEF exposure (1 kHz), the integrality of cell membrane was destroyed along with pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis.