In the region of the nucleus that faces the centrioles a depression is formed, the nuclear fossa, which totally or partially houses the centrioles. In Type III spermiogenesis (Quagio-Grassiotto et al., 2005 and Quagio-Grassiotto and Oliveira, 2008), at the beginning of the differentiation process, the centrioles are anchored at the plasma membrane in a position medial to the nucleus. The centriolar migration does not occur and neither does the nuclear rotation. The cytoplasmic canal may or may

not be formed. When it does occur, the formation of the cytoplasmic canal is due to the movement of the midpiece cytoplasm in the direction of the initial segment of the flagellum. Alternatively, it may be due to the formation of vesicles at the midpiece terminal end that project http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/selective-library.html in the direction of the initial segment of the flagellum. Variations in Type III spermiogenesis are found in Callichthyidae, subfamily Corydoradinae (Spadella et al., 2007). Here the centriolar complex is strongly eccentric PR-171 in vivo in relation to the nucleus. Consequently flagellum development also occurs in an eccentric position. The centrioles do not migrate and the nuclear rotation does not occur. A

shallow nuclear fossa is formed, but the centrioles stay outside. T. paraguayensis has a classical spermiogenesis of Type III in which the nuclear fossa is never formed and the cytoplasmic canal results from the projection of the midpiece vesicles in the direction of the initial segment of the flagellum. Spermiogenesis has peculiar characteristics in the two other doradids examined herein. Spermiogenesis in A. weddellii is a variation of Type III (i.e., Type III modified). The initial position of the centrioles is medial to the nucleus, and the absence of nuclear rotation characterizes spermiogenesis as Type III. The formation of the nuclear fossa and the cytoplasmic canal are due to the simultaneous projection

of the nucleus and cytoplasm toward the initial segments of the flagella and to the migration of the centrioles forward towards the tip ever of the nucleus. P. granulosus and R. dorbignyi have a classical spermiogenesis of Type I in which nuclear rotation is complete and centriolar migration occurs. Spermiogenesis in O. kneri is a variation of Type I, in which the nuclear rotation is complete; however, the centrioles do not migrate. In O. kneri the nuclear fossa is formed by the projection of the nucleus toward the centrioles, whereas the cytoplasmic canal results from the projection of the cytoplasm toward the initial segment of the flagellum. The different types of spermiogenesis, Types I and II (Mattei, 1970) and Type III (Quagio-Grassiotto et al., 2005 and Quagio-Grassiotto and Oliveira, 2008) characterize the extremes. As previously noted by Mattei (1970), variations in these processes are conducive to the formation of intermediate types of sperm, mainly considering the orientation of the flagellum in relation to the nucleus.