To study the effect of the surface alignment layers, we have

exploited a technique for the vertical (bookshelf) alignment of the smectic layers that does not depend on surface anisotropy. The alignment technique allows an experimental study of the influence of surfaces spanning a wide range of pretilt angles, azimuthal and zenithal anchoring energies. This technique is used buy AC220 to study the effect of surfaces on the threshold behavior of director rotation in SmC* materials under the influence of an electric field. The alignment technique also allowed us to use a high-P-S liquid crystal material having an I-A-C phase sequence and reduced layer shrinkage thought to be well suited to thresholdless switching. We show that the alignment layer has a strong effect, and that excellent analog response can be achieved for

the case of alignment layers which promote homeotropic director orientation. We further model and discuss the potential effect of a thin layer of nematic at the surface and the possibility of gliding of the easy axis during switching. (C) Epigenetics inhibitor 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3552297]“
“Background: Transseptal puncture has been performed in adults and children for decades. However, transseptal puncture can be challenging especially in pediatric patients because of an elastic septum and small atria. In adults, dedicated radiofrequency (RF) to facilitate transseptal puncture has become routine.

Objectives: We wanted to assess whether RF could be used routinely in children to facilitate transseptal procedure.

Method: The study population included all children referred to our electrophysiology lab who underwent

an ablation requiring a transseptal puncture over a period of 10 months. RF was applied at the time of transseptal puncture. The source of RF was standard surgical electrocautery device with the electrosurgical pen in direct contact with the transseptal needle applied for a short period of time during transseptal puncture. RF output was set initially MEK inhibitor drugs at 30 W in cut mode. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Patients were followed for possible complications.

Results: Thirteen patients (ages 11.6 +/- 3.6 years, range 5-17 years, five boys) were included. One patient had left ventricular tachycardia, and the remainder had a supraventricular tachycardia with a left-sided accessory pathway. In all but two patients, a single attempt with an RF output of 30 W applied for less than 2 seconds was sufficient to cross the septum. In two patients, three attempts were needed with a last successful attempt using 35 W. No complications were observed either acutely or during the follow-up.

Conclusion: Transseptal puncture facilitated by RF energy can be performed in children routinely and safely.