Immediately following the diagnosis of ALF,

patients without contraindications were listed on the Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS) and were given national priority (status 1) for available deceased-donor livers. At the same time, the need for an emergency LT was Selleck Y-27632 explained to each patient’s next of kin, who were also informed in detail of the risks and benefits of deceased-donor liver transplantation (DDLT) and adult LDLT. Maximum efforts were made to avoid any coercion and written informed consent was obtained from each living donor candidate according to guidelines of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The spontaneous willingness of each potential donor was confirmed by social workers, transplantation coordinators, and psychologists if necessary. All donations were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and KONOS. Evaluation of a living-donor candidate, however, did not preclude or delay

DDLT if a suitable deceased-donor liver became available during living-donor evaluation. Living-donor candidates PI3K inhibitor were admitted to the emergency room for donor evaluation and all procedures were performed in an emergency manner. Living donors were selected on the basis of complete medical history, physical examination, laboratory findings, imaging data including abdominal ultrasonography (USN), CT for graft/recipient size matching (three-dimensional CT with volumetric analysis), and routine percutaneous USN-guided liver biopsy. The degree of steatosis was immediately evaluated by a pathologist using frozen sections of the liver biopsy. Donor candidates in whom liver histology showed >30% steatosis were not accepted. ABO-blood

groups were identical or compatible in all cases. The minimally required graft volume to ensure metabolic demands of patients was an estimated graft-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) ≥0.8 or an estimated graft volume (GV) ≥40% of the standard liver volume (SLV). When a single-graft transplant mafosfamide did not appear feasible after consideration of donor safety (remnant volume <30% of total liver volume and/or severe steatosis) and the possibility of a small-for-size graft for the recipient, a dual-graft transplant was considered as a last resort. The peritransplantation primary immunosuppression protocols used for recipients of both deceased and living donor organs consisted of interleukin-2 receptor inhibitor (basiliximab) on days 0 and 4; an intraoperative bolus of methylprednisolone (5-10 mg/kg); intravenous or oral calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus, with corticosteroid recycling beginning on day 1; and adjunctive mycophenolate mofetil for patients showing CNI-associated side effects or suspected mild or acute cellular rejection. Corticosteroid was rapidly tapered within the first 3 months. Immunosuppression was not reduced for patients with HBV-associated ALF.