Measurements were assessed at 65°, and 180°·s-1 as these were opt

Measurements were assessed at 65°, and 180°·s-1 as these were optimal knee angle and velocity for peak torque as demonstrated during the pilot study (full knee extension = 0°). BAY 80-6946 molecular weight Participants were seated on the isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex; Phoenix Healthcare Products, Nottingham, UK), which was calibrated prior to testing. The right knee was positioned so that the epicondylus laterallis was aligned to the centre of rotation of the motor arm. Straps were then

BAY 11-7082 clinical trial positioned across the shoulder/chest, and over the right thigh to prevent any extraneous movement. Force application against the lever arm of the dynamometer was carried out with placement of the appropriate attachment set at a relative 80% of the lower leg length distally from the lateral condyle of the tibia. Participants were permitted a warm-up, which included five sub-maximal repetitions of knee flexions and extensions

of the right limb at 100°·s. Testing included three trials, with 2 minutes rest between efforts, buy OTX015 for both isometric and isokinetic conditions with peak knee extension torque used as the participant’s strength score. Both visual and auditory feedback were used to encourage maximal efforts. Blood Collection and IL-6 detection Participants fasted for eight hours prior to blood samples being taken from the anticubital vein of the forearm by a trained phlebotomist using a 21 ml gauge needle (S-Monovette, Sarstedt, Germany). Five millimetres of blood were taken and allowed to clot whilst standing for one hour on ice. The samples were then centrifuged (Hermle Z 380, Huddersfield) in 5°C at 4000 RPM for 10 minutes to separate the serum from the blood cells. Two aliquots (~900 μl each) of the resulting sera samples were taken and stored at -20°C for later analysis. IL-6 (R&D Systems inc. Minneapolis, USA. Sensitivity < 0.7 pg/ml; Intra-assay variability Farnesyltransferase of 2.6%) concentrations were quantified using a standard ELISA (enzyme linked immuno sorbant assays) procedure. Statistical Analyses Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social

Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL) version 18. The data on strength, IL-6 levels and changes in circulating IL-6 relative to baseline fulfilled the criteria for parametricity. IL-6 levels and relative changes (i.e. T1 = B2-B1/B1, T2 = S1-B1/B1 and T3 = S3-B1/B1) as well as strength data were analysed using a mixed design repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ‘Within’ factor was the protocol phase which had four levels (B1, B2, S1 and S3) and the ‘between’ factor was the treatment group with two levels (EPA treated vs. placebo). Post hoc tests were conducted with appropriate Bonferonni corrections. RPE data, as it was non parametric, was analysed within groups using a Friedman’s test, followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank post-hoc tests. Between groups comparisons of RPE data were run using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Mann-Whitney post-hoc comparisons.

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