It was estimated that τ trap = 180 ps and τ mig = 150 ps. This migration time is a factor of 4–5 longer than for the PSII membranes Selleck CHIR-99021 above, which contained 2.4–2.5 trimers per RC. Therefore, it is clear that the extra trimers are connected less well to the RCs. These results indicate that at the level of the thylakoid membrane trap-limited models are certainly not valid. At this point, it is also worth mentioning that different supercomplexes are functionally connected to each other and the domain size (how far does/can an excitation travel?) was estimated to be 12–24 LHCII trimers by Lambrev et al.(Lambrev et al. 2011). In (Wientjes et al.

2013) it was studied for A. thaliana how the time-resolved fluorescence kinetics depends on the distribution of LHCII over PSI and PSII. In most light conditions some LHCII is attached to PSI (at most one LHCII trimer per PSI, on average around half a trimer). PSI and PSI-LHCII contribute only to the fastest (87 ps in this study) component to which also PSII contributes. Lifetimes of 0.26 and

0.54 ns are due to PSII and are very OSI-027 similar to the lifetimes reported above, namely 0.25, and 0.53 ns (van Oort et al. 2010) The longest lifetime Torin 2 is only observed in the presence of “extra” LHCII and is for instance not found for supercomplexes or PSII membranes with only 2.5 LHCII trimers per RC (see above). Upon relocation of LHCII from PSII to PSI the relative amplitude of the 87 ps component increases at the expense of the 0.26 and 0.54 ns components. This is explained by a decreased contribution Digestive enzyme of the “extra” LHCIIs to the “slow” PSII fluorescence decay, and an increased contribution to the ~87 ps component by PSI-LHCII, thereby shortening the

average fluorescence lifetime of the thylakoids. Where to go? At the level of the individual pigment-protein complexes the functioning of the outer light-harvesting complexes of PSII seems to be relatively well understood (“”Outer antenna complexes”" section). When it comes to the PSII core, there is more uncertainty (“”The PSII core”" section, ). Different labs are able to obtain very similar experimental results on the same samples but there is strong disagreement about the interpretation. Moreover, there seem to be differences between the “performance” of core complexes in vitro and in vivo and striking differences exist between core preparations from plants and cyanobacteria, although it is generally assumed that these cores are very similar. However, the cores in plants are surrounded by outer light-harvesting complexes, which is not the case in cyanobacteria. It is clear from the work on PSII supercomplexes that the intrinsic performance of the core of PSII is improving when the supercomplexes increase in size (“”PSII supercomplexes”" section).