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Int J Pharm 1998, 175:185–193.see more CrossRef 18. Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Horowitz AT, Zalipsky S: Tumor cell targeting of liposome-entrapped drugs with phospholipid-anchored folic acid-PEG conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004, 56:1177–1192.CrossRef 19. Walkey CD, Olsen JB, Guo NH,

Emili A, Chan WC: Nanoparticle size and surface chemistry determine serum protein adsorption and macrophage uptake. J Am Anlotinib molecular weight Chem Soc 2012, 134:2139–2147.CrossRef 20. Hagan SA, Coombes AGA, Garnet MC, Dunn SE, Davies MC, Illum L, Davis SS: Polylactide – Poly (ethylene glycol) Copolymers as Drug Delivery Systems. 1. Characterization of Water Dispersible Micelle-Forming Systems. Langmuir 1996, 12:2153–2161.CrossRef 21. Bazile D, Prudhomme C, Bassoullet MT, Marlard M, Spenlehauer G, Veillard M: Stealth Me. PEG-PLA nanoparticles avoid uptake by the mononuclear phagocytes system. J Pharm Sci 1995, 84:493–498.CrossRef Competing interests The authors Selleckchem MLN2238 declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions VB carried out the synthesis of PS-QD micelles, cell uptake studies and drafted the manuscript, AM edited and prepared manuscript for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The miniaturization of light sources is one of the

key issues for the development of smaller optoelectronic devices with enhanced functions and properties [1–4]. Zinc oxide (ZnO) materials have attracted increased attention in recent years to realize efficient UV emitters because of their large direct bandgap of 3.37 eV and large free exciton binding energy of 60 meV [5–7]. Remarkable efforts have already been devoted to the synthesis of various ZnO nano/microstructures such as nanowires, nanobelts, nanoribbons, nanorods, and microdisks, which serve as the most promising building blocks for nano/microsized optoelectronic devices [8–16]. UV lasing action at room temperature using ZnO nano/microstructures has significantly spurred the research interest. The lasing characteristics of ZnO micro/nanostructures can generally be classified into two feedback mechanisms: microcavity lasing and random lasing (RL). In the case of microcavity lasing,

light Etofibrate confinement is attributed to the high refractive index of ZnO, and the light can be amplified within a single ZnO micro/nanocrystal. There are two ways of confining light: using a Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavity in a ZnO nanowire [2, 8, 9] and using a whispering-gallery mode (WGM) cavity in a single ZnO microrod [7, 15, 17] or microdisk [18]. Because microcavity lasers have a high spatial coherence, the light that emerges from the laser can be focused on a diffraction-limited spot or propagated over a long distance with minimal divergence. On the other hand, RL is caused by light scattering, and random oscillation routes are created by using numerous ZnO micro/nanocrystals or a ZnO microsized composited random medium [10–12, 19, 20].

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