In vehicle-treated ArKO mice, hepatic transcript expression of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (key enzymes in de novo FA synthesis) were significantly elevated compared with vehicle-treated WT, but only Fasn click here expression was lowered to WT level after ER alpha agonist treatment. There were no significant changes in the transcript levels of carnitine palmitoyl

transferase 1 (required for transfer of FA residues into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation) and sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1c (the upstream regulator of de novo FA synthesis). We also confirmed by RT-PCR that only ER alpha is expressed in the mouse liver. There were no changes in hepatic androgen receptor transcript level across all treatment groups. Our data suggest that estrogens act via ER alpha to regulate TG homeostasis in the ArKO liver. Since the liver, adipose tissue and arcuate nucleus express mainly ER alpha, estrogens could regulate hepatic functions via peripheral and central pathways. Journal of Endocrinology (2011) 210, 323-334″
“Aims: Typically, only a proportion of the patients suffering from common diseases respond to frequently prescribed drugs. Since the presence of drug nonresponders in pharmacogenetic studies can adversely affect statistical

power we propose a method to restrict genetic tests to drug responders only. In buy Apoptosis Compound Library this paper, we estimate drug nonresponse in a clinical trial for the asthma drug montelukast as either the result of an inactive genetic variant or the presence of subgroups of patients not responding to the drug. selleck products Materials & methods: We propose finite mixture models where unobserved (latent) categorical variables represent either a drug responder or nonresponder class. Analytical results show this method can substantially improve power by testing for genetic variants only in the drug-responder class. We also demonstrate how, if appropriate, placebo data can be used to further increase power to detect genetic effects. Results: It was estimated that only 25-30% of the subjects responded to the drug

montelukast. Genetic-association tests confined to the responder group resulted in a substantial increase in explained genetic variance, between 10.3 and 13.2%, for four markers in the arachidonate 5-lipoxigenase (ALOX5) and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) genes. Conclusion: The presence of subgroups of patients that do not respond to the drug was an important reason for nonresponse. Additional analyses using finite mixture models in pharmacogenetic studies may provide insight into drug nonresponse and a better discrimination between true and false discoveries.”
“Meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC) occurs in the germ cells of translocation carriers and may cause meiotic arrest and infertility. We hypothesized that if bypassing meiotic checkpoints MSUC may cause epigenetic defects in sperm.