g., precise concentration of each ingredient is not released) of this supplement limits discussion on the possible extent of contribution from each ingredient. Sulbutiamine is a centrally acting cholinergic agent that has been shown to be effective in treating fatigue or central weakness in clinical buy JQ-EZ-05 populations [25, 26]. Its efficacy

in young, athletic populations is not known, and this appears to be the first study to examine its efficacy for enhancing energy in this subject population. Vinpocetine is a derivative of vinacamine; a purified extract of Vinca Minor L (Periwinkle plant). It has previously been used as a cerebral vasodilator for enhancing mental alertness and memory [27]. It is likely that the combination of these ingredients contributed to the enhanced energy and focus experienced by the subjects in this study. The role that the click here additional ingredients in

the supplement selleck screening library (e.g beta-alanine, 5-hydroxytryptophan and St Johns wort extract) may have played is not clear. Beta-alanine is a non-proteogenic amino acid that can enhance the buffering capacity of muscle by increasing muscle carnosine concentrations [28]. Its role as a high energy supplement though is questionable, considering that it has no known acute effect on metabolic rate or stimulation of adrenergic receptors [15]. The addition of 5-hydroxytryptophan and St John’s wort extract as ingredients may be related www.selleck.co.jp/products/wnt-c59-c59.html to their potential for mood enhancement. 5-hydroxytryptophan is thought to enhance mood by stimulating dopamine

release [29] and enhancing serotonin production [30], while St John’s wort extract appears to act by reducing β-adrenergic receptor binding [31]. Although mood was not measured in this study, it is possible that these ingredients may have influenced the stimulatory effect of this supplement and contributed to the enhanced feelings of focus, energy and awareness that subsequently enhanced reaction time. In conclusion, results of this study indicate that the supplement Redline Extreme® can significantly improve subjective feelings of focus and energy leading to a significant increase in reaction time to both visual and auditory stimuli in strength/power athletes. However, acute ingestion of this supplement had no effect on anaerobic power performance. Acknowledgements This study was funded by Vital Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dba VPX/Redline References 1. Hoffman JR, Faigenbaum AD, Ratamess NA, Ross R, Kang J, Tenenbaum G: Nutritional Supplementation and Anabolic Steroid Use in Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008, 40:15–24.PubMed 2. Froiland K, Koszewski W, Hingst J, Kopecky L: Nutritional supplement use among college athletes and their sources of information. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2004,14(1):104–120.PubMed 3. Bell A, Dorsch KD, McCreary DR, Hovey R: A look at nutritional supplement use in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2004, 34:508–516.PubMed 4.