As a result, there could be a local continuity of groundwater flow across these significant aquifers. However, as the Cadna-owie Formation is the thinnest of the GAB aquifers that are utilised for groundwater

extraction and its thickness represents only 8% of composite thickness of all aquifers along the Tara structure (Fig. 4b), the volume of flow in the Cadna-owie Formation is probably relatively small in comparison to the other aquifers. In this case, the Tara Structure could behave mostly as an impermeable barrier to horizontal groundwater flow throughout most of its extent. The Hulton-Rand Structure may behave as a barrier to groundwater flow as well, as all aquifers about over their entire thickness against the impermeable basement (Cross Section 4, Fig. 4a). Obeticholic Acid manufacturer In groundwater numerical models developed for groundwater management purposes, faults are often not

selleck chemicals represented and the geometry of aquifers/aquitards is typically over-simplified or generalised, even though these are important factors and can potentially have a strong influence on groundwater flow and hydraulic connectivity between aquifers and between aquifers and aquitards. This study highlights some possible controls of the major faults as potential connectivity pathways between aquifers and aquitards or for groundwater flow to the surface, and it also provides new insights into the geometry of aquifer and aquitards in the Galilee and Eromanga basins. Because of their significance, faults should be considered in numerical models where sufficient data and knowledge exists. However, while mapping of faults and studying the influence of faults on aquifer/aquitard geometry are very important, Dipeptidyl peptidase a dedicated observation network with nested bores sites is required to confirm whether faults form barriers or pathways for groundwater flow. In addition,

a detailed assessment of fault zones and their properties is required to characterise the hydraulic properties of the fault zone. Future work in the Galilee and Eromanga basins could, for example involve the application of petrophysical techniques (e.g. determination of the shale-gouge ratio; Yielding et al., 1997) to better understand the hydraulic properties of each fault and inform any future numerical modelling projects. Three-dimensional geological models are usually developed using different data sources with often inherent uncertainties, and several factors commonly contribute to possible inaccuracies of the 3D geological models (e.g. Mann, 1993 and Davis, 2002). Many authors (e.g. Mann, 1993, Bárdossy and Fanor, 2001, Davis, 2002, Tacher et al., 2006, Lelliot et al., 2009, Zhu and Zhuang, 2010 and Raiber et al., 2012) commonly identified four major sources of uncertainty: (1) data density, (2) data quality, (3) geological complexity, and (4) geological interpretations and conceptual uncertainties.