Approximately 25% of all samples exceeded the 20 ng/g limit for a

Approximately 25% of all samples exceeded the 20 ng/g limit for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adopted by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control while 83 and 79% of all samples contained AFB1 and total aflatoxins above the European Union limits Wnt inhibitor of 2 and 4 ng/g, respectively. Aflatoxin concentrations in the raw and coated samples were as much as five times higher than those in the roasted and de-coated nuts, respectively. However, no significant difference was recorded between aflatoxin levels in the coated and de-coated samples. This study has shown that roasting of groundnut and testa removal (de-coating) are effective processing interventions that can significantly lower aflatoxin quantities

in the kernels, thus making it Angiogenesis inhibitor fit for human consumption. “
“To analyse the inheritance of fruit ring rot (FRR) resistance and to screen for microsatellite markers linked to resistance/susceptibility, 875 apple hybrid seedlings (Malus domestica, Jonathan × Golden Delicious) were inoculated with five isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea in 2 years (2008 and 2009). The results indicated that incidence and non-incidence were qualitatively

segregated, and incidence was dominant to non-incidence. The variation in susceptibility within this population was attributed to the segregation of three major genes. For the phenotype of incidence, the severity of lesion development was a quantitative trait. From 230 Cytidine deaminase published microsatellite primer pairs, six markers were identified that were linked to the susceptibility to FRR. CH04d02-120 and Hi08g12-190, located in LG12 and LG2, respectively, were linked to susceptibility to the pathogen isolate Mx1, and their map distances to the susceptibility loci were 8.2 and 5.1 centimorgan (cM), respectively. CH01e01-120 and CH02c02b-100, which were linked to susceptibility to Ls1, were located in LG14 and LG4, and the map distances to the susceptibility loci were 16.9 and 8.4 cM, respectively. CH05d11-150 and CH03a03-230, linked to susceptibility to Lw048, were located in LG12 and LG14; for both of them, the map distance

was 13.4 cM. “
“A series of small-scale controlled inoculation experiments has been conducted during 2005–2009 to determine whether temperature and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions affect significantly the incidence of Botrytis cinerea and Neonectria galligena rots of apples and to assess whether CA regimes can be ‘fine-tuned’ to suppress fungal rotting. The incidence of B. cinerea and N. galligena rots on apple was reduced consistently by storage in lower temperatures (1.5–2°C). In no case was the disease incidence significantly higher than that under air storage conditions. However, the effect of CA conditions on rot development varied greatly from year to year so that overall there were no significant effects of CA conditions on the incidence of rot during storage till the following April.

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