With early medical and surgical management, survival rates increase. Isolated hepatic mucormycosis is rare and only seven cases were reported in the literature up to now. We wanted to emphasise the role of early surgery in patients with hepatic mucormycosis in view of the literature. “
“To evaluate Cryptococcus spp. molecular types isolated from captive birds’ droppings, Talazoparib mw an epidemiological survey was carried out in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from December 2006 to September 2008. A total of

253 samples of bird excreta (120 fresh and 133 dry) were collected from pet shop cages and houses in different neighbourhoods. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 19 (14.28%) dry samples and one fresh sample (0.84%). Cryptococcus laurentii was recovered from seven (5.26%) dry

samples, but not in the fresh samples. The canavanine–glycine–bromothymol blue test was positive in all but one of the C. laurentii isolates. Cryptococcus neoformans molecular typing was performed using URA5-RFLP and the mating type Osimertinib locus using mating type specific PCR. Nineteen (95.0%) presented genotype VNI and one VNII (5.0%). In addition, all isolates presented mating type α. Thus, the genotype of the environmental C. neoformans isolates observed in this study is in accordance with others already reported around the world and adds information about its distribution in Brazil. Cryptococcus laurentii strains were typed using URA5-RFLP and M13 fingerprinting, which showed similar profiles among them. Thus, despite the low number of C. laurentii isolates analysed, their molecular profile is different from another already reported. “
“This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of a standardised procedure for the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS)-based identification on a large sample of filamentous fungi routinely identified in university hospitals’ laboratories. Non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi prospectively isolated in the routine activity of five teaching hospitals in France were first identified

by conventional Methocarbamol methods in each laboratory and then by MS in one centre. DNA sequence-based identification resolved discrepancies between both methods. In this study, of the 625 analysed filamentous fungi of 58 species, 501 (80%) and 556 (89%) were correctly identified by conventional methods and MS respectively. Compared with the conventional method, MS dramatically enhanced the performance of the identification of the non-Aspergillus filamentous fungi with a 31–61% increase in correct identification rate. In conclusion, this study on a large sample of clinical filamentous fungi taxa demonstrates that species identification is significantly improved by MS compared with the conventional method. The main limitation is that MS identification is possible only if the species is included in the reference spectra library.

Experimental strategies to identify and develop novel anti-neoplastic therapies through in vitro or in vivo model systems that fail to account for host immunity may severely underestimate potentially powerful treatments. Clinically, many anti-cancer

therapies cause immunosuppression and lymphodepletion that may undermine their efficacy [61]. The careful choice of a combination of targeted and immune therapy may therefore be more efficacious in mediating sustained tumour regression [86]. The authors would like to acknowledge current members of the Felsher laboratory for critical discussion and previous members who have contributed to characterizing various models of oncogene addiction. Within the Felsher laboratory, studies of the tumour microenvironment have been funded by the Burroughs Welcome Fund Career Award, the Damon Runyon Foundation Lilly Clinical Investigator Award, NIH RO1 grant number Decitabine mouse Rapamycin cell line CA 089305, 105102, National Cancer

Institute’s In-vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center grant number CA 114747, Integrative Cancer Biology Program grant number CA 112973, NIH/NCI PO1 grant number CA 034233, the Leukaemia and Lymphoma Society Translational Research grant number R6223-07 (D.W.F.), the Stanford Graduate Fellowship (K.R.), the Stanford Medical Scholars Research Fellowship (P.B.) and the Howard Hughes 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase Medical Institute Research Training Fellowship (P.B.). The authors declare no competing financial interests. “
“We have established Leishmania tropica as the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the region of India where the disease is endemic. The association between localized and circulating levels

of immune-determinants in CL patients was evaluated. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed up-regulation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10 and IL-4 in dermal lesions at the pretreatment stage (n = 31) compared with healthy controls (P < 0·001) and a significant down-regulation after treatment (n = 14, P < 0·05). The results indicated that an unfavourable clinical outcome in CL was not related to an inadequate T helper 1 (Th1) cell response, but rather to impairment in multiple immune functions. Comparative assessment of treatment regimes with rifampicin (RFM) or sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) revealed tissue cytokine levels to be significantly reduced after treatment with RFM (P < 0·005), while no significant decrease was evident in the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 (P > 0·05) as a result of treatment with SAG. Increased transcripts of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (P < 0·001) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (P < 0·05) were evident before treatment in tissue lesions and remained high after treatment.

Currently available glitazones do vary in their impact on lipid profiles, indicating sub-class variations in effect. Nonetheless, both agents appear to have effects on the development and progression of kidney disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The effects of probucol treatment on the progression of diabetic nephropathy was evaluated in a randomized open study of 102 people with type 2 diabetes with clinical albuminuria (UAE > 300 mg/g Cr).117 The mean follow up period was 28.5 months for all patients and 18.6 months for advanced patients (defined as those having serum Cr > 2.0 mg/dL). The mean interval to initiation of haemodialysis was significantly longer in probucol patients. In

advanced cases treated with probucol, Dorsomorphin molecular weight increases in serum creatinine and urinary protein were significantly suppressed and the haemodialysis-free rate was significantly higher. The study concluded that probucol may suppress the progression of diabetic nephropathy as a consequence of the anti-oxidative effect of the drug. The multifactorial intensive treatment of the STENO2 reduced the risk of nephropathy by 50%.63 This long-term study (mean 7.8 years) of 160 people with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, utilized multifactorial interventions for modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease which included blood lipid Epigenetics inhibitor control with statins and fibrates. While

the intensive treatment group achieved a significantly lower blood glucose concentration, given the multifactorial nature of the study it is not possible to determine the relative contribution of the intensive lipid treatment may have had. There are insufficient studies of suitable quality to enable dietary recommendations to be made with respect to CKD in people with type 2 diabetes (Evidence Level II – Intervention). Lifestyle modification (diet and physical activity) is an integral component of diabetes care (refer to the guidelines for Blood Glucose Control in type 2 diabetes). However, there are few studies that have specifically Selleck Paclitaxel addressed kidney related outcomes in type 2 diabetes and as such

it is not possible to currently make recommendations specific to the management of CKD. The following sections summarize the current evidence in relation to alternate diets, protein restriction, and salt. The Diabetes and Nutrition Clinical Trial (DCNT) is a population based prospective, observational multicentre study designed to evaluate the nutritional pattern of people with diabetes in Spain and associations with diabetic complications.118 The study (total 192) included a mix of people with type 2 diabetes (99) and type 1 diabetes (93). Nephropathy progression was indicated by change from normoalbuminuria to microalbuminuria and microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. Regression was indicated by change from microalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria.

(2006) confirmed

similar findings. By contrast, Lee et al. (1999) found that IR strain RB51, with or without IL-12 as an adjuvant, did not protect against strain 2308 challenge. These conflicting results could possibly be explained based on the fact that other groups stimulated for 24 h while we stimulated for 4 h. Mechanistically, some of these differences between HK vs. IR vs. live strains in induced DC and T-cell function and protection could be due to the amount and nature of antigen being processed and presented as well as the extent to which DCs are stimulated. In a different model, the findings of Kalupahana et al. (2005) using HK and live Salmonella typhimurium supported the above premise by showing that prolonged contact with HK bacteria was necessary to obtain similar DC activation and function achieved by live strains in a shorter period. Additionally, in contrast to the 65 °C, 30 min of heat inactivation by Vemulapalli and colleagues (Sanakkayala et al., 2005), LDK378 research buy we used a higher temperature of 80 °C for 1 h. Theoretically, although

not likely, additional heating may have disrupted the Brucella cell envelopes (Barquero-Calvo et al., 2007) and exposed large amounts of Brucella lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, DNA and other molecules recognized by innate immunity. Additional differences between IR and HK could be due to the fact that IR may stimulate a better DC-mediated CD8 response than HK (Datta et al., 2006). Besides differences in the ability of IR vs. HK to stimulate more CD8- vs. CD4-mediated HIF inhibitor immune responses, and the role of IR vs. HK in protection, DC function is also regulated by TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-10. As stated previously,

TNF-α production is critical for maximal IL-12 production and CD4 Th1 response. If either is decreased, DC-mediated T-cell responses and potentially protection could be decreased. Another mechanism by which protection would be decreased would be through an IL-10-mediated T-regulatory response that would downregulate IL-12 production by DCs (Huang et al., 2001; McGuirk et al., 2002). Correspondingly, HK and/or IR strains may suboptimally stimulate BMDCs at a given dose, which might induce them to become tolerogenic DCs (semi-mature DCs) with the inability to produce proinflammatory cytokines (Lutz & Schuler, Megestrol Acetate 2002). As others have shown that both HK and IR strains of B. abortus induced similar levels of IL-10 (Sanakkayala et al., 2005), we did not determine the ability of HK or IR strains to induce IL-10 secretion from BMDCs. However, it is possible that live vs. HK or IR strains may induce different levels of IL-10 that could influence DC and T-cell function and protection. Thus, our findings, along with already published studies, suggest multiple mechanisms for differences between live vs. IR vs. HK strain-induced DC function, T-cell function and protection. Additional studies are warranted to further investigate these mechanisms as well as their impact on protection.

[107] Immunohistochemistry localized p65 to CEC nuclei in Pkd1−/− kidney explants.[107] Similarly, Park et al. identified an unspecified phosphorylated NF-κB protein in CEC nuclei and in tubules surrounding the cysts of PKD2 mice and human ADPKD kidneys.[20]

Increased levels of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated NF-κB protein, and phosphorylated-IKKα/β were observed in PKD2 mice compared with wild-type mice, as well as increased levels of RAGE (receptor of advanced glycation end product, which is associated with renal inflammatory cell migration)[108] and s100a8 and s100a9 (inflammation-associated calcium binding proteins).[20, 109] In PKD2 mice, RAGE was located in CEC, and s100a8/a9 in CEC and interstitial areas proximate to inflammatory cells.[20] These data suggest that NF-κB activation is upregulated in human and animal models of PKD, and may be associated with increased inflammatory PD0325901 nmr mediators. Moreover, Qin et al. demonstrated that NF-κB inhibition modulated cystic disease, resulting in a three-fold decrease in histological cyst area.[107] NF-κB inhibition diminished the mRNA expression of three upregulated genes in PKD2 kidney explants: Wnt7a and Wnt7b, which are believed to be involved in polar cell polarity,[110] and Pax2, which is involved in embryonic nephron development.[107, 111, 112] NF-κB thus provides a promising

target for therapy, though further studies are required to characterize the effects, if any, of NF-κB on inflammation in PKD. Inflammation in PKD may be find more caused by abnormal regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Receptor binding of cytokines (e.g. IL-6 and interferon-γ), activates JAK proteins, which in turn activate STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins, leading to gene transcription.[113] In vitro studies have shown that PC1 and PC2 are required for JAK1 and JAK2 activation,[114] and that Pkd1 regulates STAT3.[114] Therefore, Pkd1/2 mutations may promote inflammation by interrupting the control of JAK-STAT signalling. Furthermore, the JAK-STAT pathway is regulated by the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS),[115] such as SOCS-1, which limits

the inflammatory activity of cytokines and macrophages.[116] Decitabine SOCS-1 knockout has led to the development of polycystic kidneys in mice,[117] but it is unknown whether this effect was mediated by inflammation or other facets of JAK-STAT signalling. Interstitial inflammation appears to correlate with disease progression in PKD. For example, heterozygous Han:SPRD rats display increased inflammatory cells at late stages of disease when there is severe interstitial fibrosis, proteinuria and extensive cystic expansion.[34] Given this, is it possible that inflammation induces cystogenesis? In some interventional studies, the amelioration of interstitial inflammation is accompanied by reduced cyst growth,[118, 119] though this does not prove causality.

All experiments were approved by the University of Edinburgh ethical review committee and were performed in accordance with UK legislation. The 35–55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (pMOG) was obtained from selleckchem Cambridge Research Biochemicals. EAE was induced using 100 μg of pMOG and mononuclear cells were prepared from brain and spinal cord as described previously [[25]]. GFP+ or GFP-CD4+ T cells were

sorted using a FACSAria II sorter (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK). Purities were routinely greater than 99%. Cells were stimulated on anti-CD3 + anti-CD28 (e-Bioscience, CA, USA) coated plates, with or without IL-6 (30 ng/mL), IL-23 (30 ng/mL), IL-1β (10 ng/mL), TGF-β (2.5 ng/mL), or IL-12 (25 ng/mL) (all R&D systems), individually or in combination, as described in the text. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html Cytokine production was quantified using ELISA or Bender-Medsystems FLowcytomix Th1/Th2 10plex assays (e-Bioscience,) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All antibodies were from e-Bioscience, except pSTAT1, pSTAT5, and pSTAT3 (BD Pharmingen, Oxford, UK). For intracellular cytokine staining, 50 ng/mL PMA, 50 ng/mL ionomycin, and 1 μL/mL brefeldin A (e-Bioscience) were added for the last 4 h of culture. Foxp3 staining was performed using proprietary buffers according to the manufacturer’s instructions (e-Bioscience). Due to loss of

GFP activity as a result of fixation, cells from Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice were stained with anti-Foxp3. For pSTAT analysis, cells were incubated in RPMI 10% FCS with or without IL-6, or the sIL-6R-IL-6 fusion protein HDS [[26]], both at 20 ng/mL for 15 min at 37°C and fixed in 2% PFA for 20 min at 37°C prior to surface staining. Cells were then resuspended in ice-cold 90% methanol and stored overnight at −20°C.

Cells were then washed extensively and incubated with Fc block before intracellular staining. All FACS data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, CA, USA). Statistical analysis used Student’s t-test for comparison of groups. Genomic DNA was isolated from freshly sorted cells using a DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) according Montelukast Sodium to the manufacturer’s instructions. Bisulfite conversion, PCR, and sequencing was performed as previously described [[4]]. We thank Prof. A. Rudensky for providing the Foxp3-GFP mice and Prof. G. Hammerling for providing the Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice. This work was supported by grants from the UK Medical Research Council and the German Research Foundation (SFB621 and KFO250). The authors declare no financial or commercial conflicts of interest. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited. Figure SI. CNS-Treg resist conversion to an IFN-y-producing phenotype. Figure S2. IL-6 and DS induce phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 in Foxp3+ and Foxp3 T cells. Figure S3. CXCR3+Treg do not resist conversion to IL-17 production.

The cell line EL-4 (C57BL/6, H-2b, Thymoma) was maintained in

RPMI complete media (CM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 50 U/mL of penicillin–streptomycin Everolimus molecular weight and 50 μg/mL gentamycin. The synthetic peptide corresponding to the CTL epitopes of chicken ovalbuman (SIINFEKL) was purchased from American Peptide (Sunnyvale, CA, USA), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and diluted in 1× PBS at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL for cell culture studies. The OVA protein was purchased from Sigma. α-GalCer was purchased from Diagnocine LLC (Hackensack, NJ, USA) and dissolved in DMSO (Sigma) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Mice were immunized by the intranasal or intravenous routes 1–2 times at 0 and 5 or 23 days with a

mixture of the OVA protein at 100 μg/mouse/dose and the synthetic glycolipid α-GalCer at 2 μg/mouse/dose. For intranasal immunizations, mice were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ketamine–xylaxine mixture, and 10 μl of the adjuvant–antigen mixture in 1× PBS was introduced into each nostril as reported earlier 7, 27. For intravenous immunizations, 200 μl of the adjuvant–antigen mixture in 1× PBS was injected into the tail vein of the mouse. At various time point post-immunization, mice were sacrificed and perfused and cell suspensions were prepared from the spleen, lung, liver, and lymph nodes by homogenization or enzymatic EPZ015666 mw dissociation using collagenase type IV (Sigma). Lymphocytes from liver were further isolated through a percoll (Sigma) gradient of 44 and 67%. The CTL responses in single-cell suspension from from spleens of immunized mice were assayed as described

previously 28. Briefly, spleen cells were re-stimulated for 5 days with the OVA peptide (SIINFEKL). These effector cells were tested for cytolytic activity against 51Cr-labeled syngeneic EL-4 target cells that were pre-incubated with either medium alone or OVA peptide. The percentage (%) of specific lysis was calculated using the following formula: % specific lysis=(experimental release−spontaneous release)/(maximum release−spontaneous release)×100, where the spontaneous release represents the radioactivity obtained when the target cells were incubated in culture medium without effectors and maximum release represents the radioactivity obtained when the target cells were lysed with 5% Triton X-100. Cells isolated from the lung and MdLN of immunized mice were subjected to ELISpot assay for enumerating the numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ-producing cells as described earlier 29 using the reagent kit from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). The spots, representing individual IFN-γ-producing cells as spot forming cells (SFC), on the membrane were enumerated by Zellnet Consulting, New York, NY using the KS-ELISPOT automatic system (Carl Zeisis, Thornwood, NY, USA).

In a steady state, WASp exists in an autoinhibited form, and its activation is dependent on the activity of WIP (WASp interacting protein), Cdc42 (Cell division

control protein 42) and PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol biphosphate), upon which the C-terminus of WASp binds to and activates the Arp2/3 (actin-related proteins) complex [2]. The Arp2/3 complex stimulates actin polymerization by creating a new nucleation MG-132 chemical structure core, which is an initial step in the formation of actin filaments [3] and important for processes, such as cell motility, phagocytosis, and the formation of the immunological synapse (IS). As WASp is expressed in CD34+ stem cells and their progeny [4], patients with WAS display functional abnormalities in all hematopoietic stem cell-derived lineages, including neutrophils, monocytes, DCs, Langerhans cells, platelets, and lymphocytes. All lymphocytes, namely, B, T, as well as NK cells in patients with WAS exhibit EPZ6438 anomalies in signaling as well as in the formation of the cytoskeleton [5, 6]. Regarding clinical symptoms, WAS is characterized by abnormal immune system functions, recurrent infections and inflammatory skin disorders such as eczema, and microthrombocytopenia. In

addition, WAS patients are at greater risk of developing autoimmune disorders. Similarly, Was−/− mice generated on 129, but not on C57BL/6, background have been reported to develop spontaneous colitis [7, 8]. Although the mechanisms of WAS-associated autoimmunity are not yet clarified, it has been proposed that this can be due to the bystander tissue damage during chronic inflammation or incomplete pathogen

clearance triggered Y-27632 2HCl by the defective immune system, as well as due to loss of tolerance to self-antigens caused by defective localization and function of Was-deficient natural regulatory T cells [5]. Importantly, WAS patients also show a higher risk of developing hematopoietic malignancies already in childhood [9]. The higher incidence of tumors in WAS patients might depend on defective cancer immunosurveillance due to the WASp deficiency in the immune system; yet WASp mutations can also lead to cell genomic instability and tumorigenesis [10] so the situation is still unclear. This link between WAS and increased cancer incidence has been explored by Catucci et al. [11] in the present issue of the European Journal of Immunology. In order to test the hypothesis that Was deficiency affects tumor immunosurveillance in vivo, the authors crossed Was−/− mice to Cdkn2a−/− mice. The Cdkn2a (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) gene codes for an important tumor suppressor [12] and Cdkn2a−/− mice are more prone to developing tumors [13]. Cdkn2a−/− Was−/− double knock-out (DKO) mice showed impaired survival, when compared to Cdkn2a−/− mice.

[80] Classical DCs share a number of common features and functions with macrophages. Traditionally, it was thought that blood monocytes harness the potential to give rise to classical DCs once recruited into surrounding tissues.[16, 81, 82] However, this notion has recently been superseded with the discovery that DCs originate from the bone marrow precursor, MDP, which also gives rise to monocytes and several subsets of macrophages (Fig. 2).[83] In fact, DCs develop exclusively from MDPs via an alternative precursor population known as the common DC precursor (CDP). CH5424802 chemical structure This precursor also differentiates

into plasmacytoid DCs and the precursors for classical DCs.[84-86] Despite these discoveries, c-Met inhibitor studies still support the conclusion that monocytes can differentiate into DCs following

injury. A subpopulation of DCs, termed inflammatory DCs, are able to differentiate from inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and share common features with macrophages in non-lymphoid organs such as in the intestine,[87, 88] lung,[89] skin[90] and kidney.[67, 91-93] Given these similarities in ontogeny and function between DC subpopulations and macrophages, there is significant confusion and controversy when defining and distinguishing between them, particularly in non-lymphoid organs.[78] The concept that macrophages and DCs represent two functional extremes of a continuum of progeny of the CMP stems from their redundancy in molecular marker expression, function and location in the kidney and other non-lymphoid organs of the body.[94] Nonetheless, a characteristic feature defining cells of

the mononuclear phagocyte system is their CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) expression.[95] CSF-1 essentially drives the differentiation and expansion of monocytes and macrophages from bone marrow precursors by binding to the CSF-1R. This receptor is expressed on all cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including all DC subsets.[96, 97] MacDonald et al.[96] observed that DC populations are significantly reduced in CSF-1-deficient mice, thus highlighting that CSF-1 signalling is imperative for the optimal differentiation of DCs in check details vivo. Dendritic cells share a number of molecular markers with macrophages.[98] These molecular markers include the DC marker CD11c, the macrophage markers CD11b and F4/80, costimulatory and MHC molecules, and the CSF-1R and CX3CR1. Despite their heterogeneity, all DC subsets express the integrin CD11c in mice and humans, but with less specificity in humans.[99] As a result, CD11c expression has been widely used in numerous studies to distinguish between DCs and macrophages.[100] However, CD11c is expressed on a large population of mouse and human macrophages in almost every organ of the body including the kidney.

The qPCR results indicate that Klf3, Klf4, Klf6, and Klf13 exhibited a minor or no increase, whereas Klf10 and Klf11 significantly

decreased (Fig. 1B). In addition, KLF expression and response to LPS were Ibrutinib solubility dmso investigated in GM-BMMs, and the result was similar to that in M-BMMs (Supporting Information Fig. 1). The decline in Klf10 expression in M-BMMs was further verified by western blot analysis (Fig. 1C). This Klf10 downregulation can be induced by LPS even with a concentration as low as 10 ng/mL (Fig. 1D). LPS is a ligand for TLR4, which localizes on the cell surface. Klf10 expression also decreased when TLR3 and TLR9, located in intracellular vesicles [31], were activated by poly I:C and CpG (Supporting Information Deforolimus Fig. 2). TLR stimulation can result in NF-κB activation, and our observation reveals that Klf10 can respond sensitively to these TLRs. Klf10 is an NF-κB-targeted gene [32]. Thus, we further demonstrate that Klf10 was downregulated in an NF-κB-dependent manner. We pretreated M-BMMs with BAY11–7082, an IκB-α inhibitor, to repress the NF-κB pathway

and found that the decrease in Klf10 after LPS challenge can be abrogated (Fig. 1E). Meanwhile, the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12p40 and IL-6, was abolished (Fig. 1E). These results indicate that klf10 may participate in TLRs and may control the production of inflammatory factors in M-BMMs. Klf10 was overexpressed in M-BMMs to investigate whether it is involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines triggered by TLR4 signaling. The result shows that LPS-induced IL-12p40 was significantly inhibited at both the mRNA and protein levels, which also resulted in a decrease in IL-12p70. However, BCKDHB IL-12p35, the other subunit of IL-12p70, was unaffected (Fig. 2A). Other proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, were slightly affected or unaffected by Klf10 (Fig. 2A and B). IL-10 is a key antiinflammatory factor that

can suppress IL-12 and IL-6 expressions in M-BMMs. Thus, we found Klf10 had no effect on IL-10 (Fig. 2B), indicating that the suppression of IL-12p40 and IL-6 was not mediate by IL-10. These observations indicated that Klf10 overexpression inhibited the production of IL-12p40 induced by TLR4 signaling in M-BMMs. We further performed the loss of function assay with Klf10-deficient mice to verify the aforementioned observation. Surface markers of M-BMMs from WT and Klf10-deficient mice were first characterized by flow cytometry. The result reveal that the proportion of F4/80+CD11b+ mature M-BMMs did not differ between these two markers, indicating that Klf10 was not involved in the differentiation of M-BMMs (Supporting Information Fig. 3A). Moreover, we investigated the markers on M-BMMs such as costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, TLR4 receptor, and MHC class II, and found that these markers were expressed normally (Supporting Information Fig. 3B).