It was long occupied, and seasonally important for a variety of communities of the surrounding area (Shin et al., 2012). Evidence of millet cultivation was confirmed for the Middle Chulmun at Tongsamdong, dating as early as 5500–5300 cal BP (Crawford and Lee, 2003). Foxtail and broomcorn

millets became incorporated into the Middle Chulmun diet along with harvested nuts and fruits, hunted game and marine resources. A dry farming field recently discovered at Munamri on the east coast is an excellent example of active environmental engineering by Middle Neolithic MLN8237 mouse times around 5000 cal BP (National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2012) and may support the concept of even earlier farming during the Early Chulmun, which is also suggested by observed seed impressions on pottery at Tongsamdong (Ha et al., 2011). The learned behavior of cultivation also inspired Chulmun people to experiment with local wild plants such as azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and soybean, possibly leading to their local domestication (

Lee, 2011 and Lee, 2013). Indeed all these studies have confirmed that the cultivation of domesticated plants was early initiated and long continued by Korea’s Neolithic people as part of a highly productive forest and waterside economy that also involved a broad range of hunting/fishing/collecting activities. Some communities were quite large, and many contained, in addition to household dwellings, larger structures that clearly served collective

community Niclosamide functions related to fishing and other productive activities. North of the Korean Peninsula, TSA HDAC chemical structure around Peter the Great Bay in Russian Primorye, the Boisman culture (7200–5750 cal BP) flourished in a highly productive bayshore and estuarine environment that supported substantial and long-occupied pit house villages, at least one with a major cemetery. The hunting and collecting of diverse and abundant terrestrial and marine species in this setting supported a substantial human population that employed a rich material culture of fishing and hunting gear and made pottery vessels in quantity for storage, food preparation, and dining (Zhushchikhovskaya, 2006). The Zaisanovka culture (6550–3300 cal BP) overlapped with the Boisman hunting-fishing-collecting tradition around Peter the Great Bay and ultimately replaced it there. Centered in interior Primorye, Zaisanovka is known from a considerable number of excavated sites, where houses were semi-subterranean and generally rectangular, with floor areas ranging from about 10 up to 45 m2. Grinding stones, stone hoes, and graters suggest the tending and processing of various plant foods, and in the Krounovka I site, deposits dated to about 5200–4700 cal BP yielded grains of both foxtail and broomcorn millets as components of the established broad-spectrum dietary pattern.